Extracted Citations to Authority

Exclusions applied: record references (J.A., App., Pet. Br., etc.), jurisdictional statute (28 U.S.C. § 1254(1)), self-references to the captioned cases.

# Citation Log — Biden v. Nebraska / Dept. of Education v. Brown
Page	Line	Citation
------	------	----------
3	15-16	20 U.S.C. 1070 et seq.
3	17-18	20 U.S.C. 1087a-1087j
3	21-22	20 U.S.C. 1071 to 1087-4
3	22-23	20 U.S.C. 1087aa-1087ii
3	35-36	20 U.S.C. 1070(b)
3	37	20 U.S.C. 1082
4	7-8	20 U.S.C. 1082(a)(6)
4	16-17	Pub. L. No. 102-25, Tit. III, Pt. E, § 327(a)(1), 105 Stat. 93
4	28-29	Higher Education Relief Opportunities for Students Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-122, 115 Stat. 2386
4	38-39	Sweet v. Cardona, No. 19-cv-3674, D. Ct. Doc. 345 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 16, 2022)
5	3-4	Pub. L. No. 107-122, 115 Stat. 2386
5	13-14	§ 2(a)(1) and (2), 115 Stat. 2386
5	14	§ 5, 115 Stat. 2388
5	17-19	Pub. L. No. 108-76, § 2, 117 Stat. 904-905 (20 U.S.C. 1098bb)
5	22-23	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
5	33-34	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(2)
6	4-5	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(2)(A)
6	10-11	20 U.S.C. 1098ee(2)(C) and (D)
6	13-14	20 U.S.C. 1098ee(4)
6	14	50 U.S.C. 1621-1622
6	21-22	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
6	27-28	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(b)(1)
6	29	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(d)
6	31-32	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(b)(3)
6	33-34	§ 6, 117 Stat. 908
6	34-35	Act of Sept. 30, 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-78, 119 Stat. 2043
7	3-4	Act of Sept. 30, 2007, Pub. L. No. 110-93, 121 Stat. 999
7	15-16	68 Fed. Reg. 69,312-69,318 (Dec. 12, 2003)
7	18-20	Office of Legal Counsel, U.S. Dep't of Justice, Use of the HEROES Act of 2003 to Cancel the Principal Amounts of Student Loans, 2022 WL 3975075, at *4 (Aug. 23, 2022)
7	21-22	87 Fed. Reg. 52,943, 52,944 (Aug. 30, 2022)
7	25-26	Proclamation No. 9994, 3 C.F.R. 56 (2020 comp.)
8	13-14	85 Fed. Reg. 79,856, 79,857 (Dec. 11, 2020)
8	16-18	COVID-19 Pandemic Education Relief Act of 2020, Pub. L. No. 116-136, Div. A, Tit. III, Subtit. B, § 3513, 134 Stat. 404
8	20-21	85 Fed. Reg. at 79,857
11	11-12	20 U.S.C. 1087, 1087a, 1087e, 1087dd(g)
11	12	34 C.F.R. 682.402, 685.212
11	12-13	87 Fed. Reg. 61,512 (Oct. 12, 2022)
12	8-9	34 C.F.R. 685.220
14	23-24	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(b)(1)
19	10-12	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1) and (2)
20	5-6	West Virginia v. EPA, 142 S. Ct. 2587, 2608-2609 (2022)
20	33-35	Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 701 et seq.
21	13-14	U.S. Const. Art. III, § 2, Cl. 1
21	19-20	TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 141 S. Ct. 2190, 2203 (2021)
21	24	Ibid.
21	25-26	Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992)
21	32-33	Id. at 560-561
21	36-37	Id. at 561
22	4	Ibid.
22	17-18	26 U.S.C. 61(a)(11)-(12)
22	19-20	26 U.S.C. 108(f)(5)
22	29-30	Pennsylvania v. New Jersey, 426 U.S. 660 (1976)
22	36	Id. at 664-665
23	7	Id. at 664
23	19-21	Clapper v. Amnesty Int'l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 416 (2013)
23	23-24	Florida v. Mellon, 273 U.S. 12 (1927)
23	30	Id. at 18
23	33	Ibid.
24	12-13	United States v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166, 192 (1974)
24	14-15	Pennsylvania v. Kleppe, 533 F.2d 668, 672 (D.C. Cir.)
24	19-20	cert. denied, 429 U.S. 977 (1976)
24	24-25	Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 564 n.2, 566
24	34-35	Clapper, 568 U.S. at 410
25	26-27	Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 560
25	30-31	Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 169 (1997)
25	35-37	Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Organization, 426 U.S. 26 (1976)
26	7	Id. at 42
26	11	Id. at 43
26	13-14	Bennett, 520 U.S. at 169
26	30-31	Simon, 426 U.S. at 43
27	23-25	Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 499 (1975)
27	35-36	Clapper, 568 U.S. at 414
28	22	TransUnion, 141 S. Ct. at 2203
28	25-26	Warth, 422 U.S. at 499
28	28-30	Agency for Int'l Dev. v. Alliance for Open Soc'y Int'l, Inc., 140 S. Ct. 2082, 2087 (2020)
28	31-34	First Nat'l City Bank v. Banco Para el Comercio Exterior de Cuba, 462 U.S. 611, 625 (1983)
28	37-38	Mo. Rev. Stat. § 173.360 (2022)
29	3	Mo. Rev. Stat. § 173.360 (2022)
29	5-6	Id. § 173.385(1) and (3)
29	7	id. § 173.425
29	8	id. § 173.410
29	22-23	Bancec, 462 U.S. at 626-627
29	23-24	Dole Food Co. v. Patrickson, 538 U.S. 468, 475 (2003)
29	27-28	Bancec, 462 U.S. at 626
30	15-17	Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King, 533 U.S. 158, 163 (2001)
30	20	See ibid.
30	23-24	Mo. Rev. Stat. § 173.385(3) (2022)
31	26	TransUnion, 141 S. Ct. at 2203
31	29	Id. at 2208
31	37-38	Alfred L. Snapp & Son, Inc. v. Puerto Rico, 458 U.S. 592, 610 n.16 (1982)
33	6-10	Carney v. Adams, 141 S. Ct. 493, 501-502 (2020)
33	15-16	Simon, 426 U.S. at 37
33	17	TransUnion, 141 S. Ct. at 2203
34	29-30	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1) and (2)
34	33-34	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
35	3-4	20 U.S.C. 1098ee(4)
35	3-4	87 Fed. Reg. 10,289, 10,289 (Feb. 23, 2022)
35	12	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(2)(A)
35	13-14	20 U.S.C. 1098ee(2)(C)
35	24	20 U.S.C. 1098ee(2)(D)
35	35	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1) and (2)
36	10	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
36	14-15	20 U.S.C. 1087 (2018 & Supp. I 2019), 1087dd(g)
36	15	34 C.F.R. 682.402, 685.212
36	21-22	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
36	28	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(b)(3)
36	34	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1) and (b)(1)
37	3-4	Webster v. Doe, 486 U.S. 592, 600 (1988)
37	7-8	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(2)
37	12-13	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
37	31-32	United States v. Gonzales, 520 U.S. 1, 5 (1997)
38	3-4	34 C.F.R. 682.402, 685.212
38	3-4	87 Fed. Reg. at 61,512
38	18-20	Black's Law Dictionary 1894 (11th ed. 2019)
38	20	id. at 1203
39	3-7	Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter & Paul Home v. Pennsylvania, 140 S. Ct. 2367, 2381 (2020)
39	7-8	Ibid.
40	8	20 U.S.C. 1077(a)(2)(C)
40	9	20 U.S.C. 1078(b)(1)(M)
40	9-10	20 U.S.C. 1087e(f)
40	10	20 U.S.C. 1087e(o)
40	10-11	20 U.S.C. 1087dd(e)
40	22-23	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
40	27	Cisneros v. Alpine Ridge Grp., 508 U.S. 10, 18 (1993)
41	9	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(2)(A)
41	15	OLC Op., 2022 WL 3975075, at *4
41	15	87 Fed. Reg. at 52,944
41	31	§ 372(a)(1), 105 Stat. 93
41	33	115 Stat. 2386
41	35	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
42	8	20 U.S.C. 1098ee(2)(A)-(D)
42	25	20 U.S.C. 1098ee(2)(C)
42	34	20 U.S.C. 1098ee(2)(D)
43	29	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(2)
43	29-31	Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language 756 (2002)
43	35	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(b)(3)
44	7-8	Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 777 (1975)
44	13-14	OLC Op., 2022 WL 3975075, at *4-*5
44	18-19	85 Fed. Reg. at 79,857
44	19	87 Fed. Reg. at 61,512-65,514
44	22-24	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(2)(A)
45	13	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(2)(A)
45	14-16	Comcast Corp. v. National Ass'n of African Am.-Owned Media, 140 S. Ct. 1009, 1016 (2020)
45	16-18	University of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 350 (2013)
45	27	20 U.S.C. 1098ee(2)(C) and (D)
46	12-14	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1) and (2)
47	5-6	Biden v. Missouri, 142 S. Ct. 647, 652 (2022)
47	6-7	Collins v. Yellen, 141 S. Ct. 1761, 1776 (2021)
47	7-8	Little Sisters of the Poor, 140 S. Ct. at 2380-2381
47	8-9	Department of Commerce v. New York, 139 S. Ct. 2551, 2571-2572 (2019)
47	9-10	Trump v. Hawaii, 138 S. Ct. 2392, 2408 (2018)
47	19-20	Becerra v. Empire Health Found., 142 S. Ct. 2354 (2022)
47	20-21	American Hosp. Ass'n v. Becerra, 142 S. Ct. 1896 (2022)
47	21-22	Azar v. Allina Health Servs., 139 S. Ct. 1804, 1808 (2019)
47	25-26	EPA v. EME Homer City Generation, L.P., 572 U.S. 489 (2014)
47	26-27	National Cable & Telecomms. Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967 (2005)
47	27-28	New York v. FERC, 535 U.S. 1 (2002)
48	5-7	West Virginia v. EPA, 142 S. Ct. 2587, 2608-2609 (2022)
48	12	Id. at 2609
48	21-22	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2608
48	24-25	NFIB v. OSHA, 142 S. Ct. 661, 666 (2022)
48	27-29	Alabama Ass'n of Realtors v. HHS, 141 S. Ct. 2485, 2489 (2021)
48	31-32	Utility Air Regulatory Grp. v. EPA, 573 U.S. 302, 324 (2014)
48	33-35	Gonzales v. Oregon, 546 U.S. 243, 266-268 (2006)
48	35-37	Whitman v. American Trucking Assn's, 531 U.S. 457, 465-468
49	5-7	FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 159-161 (2000)
49	15-16	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2609
49	19-20	United States Telecom Ass'n v. FCC, 855 F.3d 381, 421 (D.C. Cir. 2017)
49	21-22	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2618 (Gorsuch, J., concurring)
49	29	NFIB, 142 S. Ct. at 665
49	31-32	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2608
50	8-9	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2608-2610
50	17	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2608, 2610
50	22	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
50	23-24	20 U.S.C. 1098ee(2)
50	26-27	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(2)(A)
50	29-30	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
51	4	142 S. Ct. at 2604
51	5	Alabama Association of Realtors
51	12	141 S. Ct. at 2489
51	14-15	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2613
51	17	Alabama Ass'n of Realtors, 141 S. Ct. at 2489
51	23-24	Utility Air, 573 U.S. at 324
52	16	Missouri, 142 S. Ct. at 653
52	29-31	American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, Pub. L. No. 117-2, § 9675(a), 135 Stat. 185-186
52	34-35	H.R. 2034, 117th Cong., 1st Sess. (2021)
52	35-36	H.R. 6800, 116th Cong., 2d Sess. § 150117(h) (2020)
52	37-38	S. 2235, 116th Cong., 1st Sess. (2019)
53	10-18	Brown & Williamson, 529 U.S. at 155
53	24-25	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2609
53	37	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
54	11	Missouri, 142 S. Ct. at 652
54	16-18	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2608
54	22	20 U.S.C. 1087(a)
54	23-24	20 U.S.C. 1087dd(c)(1)(F)(ii)
54	24-25	20 U.S.C. 1087(c)
54	25-26	20 U.S.C. 1087dd(g)
54	26-27	20 U.S.C. 1087(c)
54	29	20 U.S.C. 1087e(h)
54	31	20 U.S.C. 1087a(b)(2)
54	35-36	20 U.S.C. 1082(a)(6)
55	5-6	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2613
55	13-14	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2613
55	18-19	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2608
55	36-37	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
56	23-24	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(1)
56	29	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(a)(2)(A)
57	32-34	The Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. 701 et seq.
57	35-36	5 U.S.C. 706(2)(A)
58	4-7	Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n of the U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)
58	9	id. at 52
58	10-12	FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project, 141 S. Ct. 1150, 1160 (2021)
58	14-16	FERC v. Electric Power Supply Ass'n, 577 U.S. 260, 292 (2016)
58	19-20	State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43
58	22-24	Prometheus, 141 S. Ct. at 1158
59	32-33	DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 140 S. Ct. 1891, 1915 (2020)
60	7-8	Ibid.
60	22-24	Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, 579 U.S. 211, 222 (2016)
60	25-30	140 S. Ct. at 1914
61	15-16	National Shooting Sports Found., Inc. v. Jones, 716 F.3d 200, 214 (D.C. Cir. 2013)
61	27-28	Department of Commerce v. New York, 139 S. Ct. 2551, 2573 (2019)
61	31-33	Id. at 2574
61	33-34	Biden v. Texas, 142 S. Ct. 2528, 2546-2547 (2022)
62	10	5 U.S.C. 701 et seq.
62	22	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(b)(1)
63	7	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(b)(1)
63	18-19	20 U.S.C. 1098bb(d)
63	23-25	20 U.S.C. 1098a(b)(1) and (2)
63	33-35	21 U.S.C. 360eee-2(e)
63	35	42 U.S.C. 7410
63	35-37	Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, Pub. L. No. 109-90, Tit. V, § 540, 119 Stat. 2088 (49 U.S.C. 114 note)
64	11-12	Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. at 572 n.7
66	7	20 U.S.C. 1082(a)
66	8	20 U.S.C. 1098bb
66	9	20 U.S.C. 1098ee
72	4-5	20 U.S.C. 1089(c), 1098a

# Bruen Brief — Raw Citation Log
------	------	----------
1	7-8	District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008)
1	14	Id. at 580-81, 592
1	19-22	McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 U.S. 742, 750, 767-68 (2010) (plurality op.) (quoting Heller, 554 U.S. at 599, 630)
3	22-24	818 F.App'x 99
3	24-25	354 F.Supp.3d 143
4	17	Heller, 554 U.S. at 593 (quoting 1 W. & M., ch. 2, §7, in 3 Eng. Stat. at Large 441)
4	21-23	1 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 139-40 (1765)
4	29-31	1 William Hawkins, A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown 71, §21 (1716)
4	33-36	1 Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae 481 (Sollom Emlyn ed. 1736)
5	6-8	Kanter v. Barr, 919 F.3d 437, 453, 457 n.5 (7th Cir. 2019) (Barrett, J., dissenting)
5	11-12	Heller, 554 U.S. at 593, 606
5	13-20	2 Edw. 3, c. 3 (Eng. 1328)
5	24-25	1 Hawkins, supra, 134-35, §§1, 4
5	30-32	Rex v. Sir John Knight, 90 Eng. Rep. 330 (K.B. 1686)
5	35-36	Sir John Knight's Case, 87 Eng. Rep. 75, 76 (K.B. 1686)
6	6-7	Knight, 90 Eng. Rep. 330
6	10-11	Id.
6	10-11	Kanter, 919 F.3d at 456 n.4 (Barrett, J., dissenting)
6	13-15	Rogers v. Grewal, 140 S.Ct. 1865, 1870 (2020) (Thomas, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari)
6	22-23	1 Hawkins, supra at 136, §9
6	27-29	Grace v. District of Columbia, 187 F.Supp.3d 124, 136 (D.D.C. 2016)
6	29-31	5 St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries App'x 19 (William Young Birch & Abraham Small eds. 1803)
6	35-36	Grace, 187 F.Supp.3d at 137
7	3-6	Nicholas J. Johnson, et al., Firearms Law and the Second Amendment 106 (2012)
7	17-19	2 The Works of James Wilson 399-400 (James DeWitt Andrews ed. 1896)
7	22-23	Heller, 554 U.S. at 593
7	29-31	2 Tucker's Blackstone, supra at 145 n.42
7	31	5 Tucker's Blackstone, supra at 149
8	3-5	Humphreys, Compendium of the Common Law in Force in Kentucky 482 (1822)
8	12-13	Heller, 554 U.S. at 585 n.8 & 601
8	16-19	Nelson Lund, The Second Amendment, Heller, and Originalist Jurisprudence, 56 UCLA L. Rev. 1343, 1360 (2009)
8	24-27	Eugene Volokh, The First and Second Amendments, 109 Colum. L. Rev. Sidebar 97, 101-02 (2009)
9	3-4	Bliss v. Commonwealth, 12 Ky. 90, 92 (1822)
9	6-8	Simpson v. State, 13 Tenn. 356, 359-60 (1833)
9	11-12	State v. Reid, 1 Ala. 612, 619 (1840)
9	17-19	Nunn v. State, 1 Ga. 243, 251 (1846)
9	19-22	State v. Chandler, 5 La. Ann. 489, 490 (1850)
9	27-28	English v. State, 35 Tex. 473 (1871)
9	28-29	State v. Workman, 14 S.E. 9 (W. Va. 1891)
10	3-6	Crime Against Kansas, May 19-20, 1856, in American Speeches: Political Oratory From the Revolution to the Civil War 553, 606-07 (T. Widmer ed. 2006)
10	6-7	McDonald, 561 U.S. at 770
10	10-11	Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, 417 (1857)
10	15-16	Heller, 554 U.S. at 614
10	25-31	Stephen P. Halbrook, Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, 1866-1876, at 2 (1998)
10	29-30	An Act To Punish Certain Offences Therein Named, and for Other Purposes, ch. 23, §1, 1865 Miss. Laws 165
10	30	id. at 5
10	30-31	McDonald, 561 U.S. at 771
10	35-36	Halbrook, supra, at 7
11	10	Id. at 9
11	10	McDonald, 561 U.S. at 771-72
11	15-16	H.R. Exec. Doc. No. 70, at 239 (1866)
11	16-17	id. at 233-39
11	20	Id. at 236
11	25-26	Id. at 297
11	31-32	Id. at 65
12	5-6	J. Comm. on Reconstruction, H.R. Rep. No. 30, pt. 2, at 229 (1866)
12	9-10	Heller, 554 U.S. at 615
12	19-20	14 Stat. 173, 176-77 (1866)
12	21	McDonald, 561 U.S. at 773
12	29	H.R. Rep. No. 37, 41st Cong., 3d Sess., 3 (1871)
12	31-32	Id. at 7
13	4-5	§§2, 8, 17 Stat. 13, 14 (1871)
13	21	U.S. Const. amend. XIV
13	33-34	1911 Laws of N.Y., ch. 195, § 1, at 443
14	3-4	1913 Laws of N.Y., ch. 608, at 1627-30
14	8-9	Stefan B. Tahmassebi, Gun Control and Racism, 2 Geo. Mason U. Civ. Rts. L.J. 67, 77 (1991)
14	15-17	David Kopel, The Samurai, the Mountie, and the Cowboy: Should America Adopt the Gun Controls of Other Democracies? 342-43 (1991)
15	10-12	N.Y. Penal Law §§265.01-b, 70.00(2)(e) & (3)(b), 80.00(1)(a)
15	12-13	id. §§265.01(1), 70.15(1), 80.05(1)
15	16-17	Id. §§265.03(3), 70.00(2)(c) & (3)(b), 80.00(1)(a)
15	19-20	Id. §265.00(3)
15	22-23	Id. §265.20(a)
15	26-27	N.Y. Penal Law §400.00
15	27	id. §265.20(a)(3)
15	33-34	Id. §400.00(1)(a)-(n)
16	4-5	Id. §400.00(2)(f)
16	9-10	Id. §400.00(2)(f)
16	16-17	Kachalsky v. Cnty. of Westchester, 701 F.3d 81, 86 (2d Cir. 2012)
16	20-21	Id.
16	24-25	Id.
16	25	Klenosky v. N.Y. City Police Dep't, 428 N.Y.S.2d 256, 257 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
16	29-31	Id. at 86-87
16	30-31	In re O'Connor, 585 N.Y.S.2d 1000, 1003 (N.Y. Cty. Ct. 1992)
16	31-32	Martinek v. Kerik, 743 N.Y.S.2d 80, 81 (N.Y. App. Div. 2002)
17	5-7	Bernstein v. Police Dep't of City of New York, 85 A.D.2d 574, 574 (N.Y. App. Div. 1981)
17	7-8	Theurer v. Safir, 254 A.D.2d 89, 90 (N.Y. App. Div. 1998)
17	11-13	Milo v. Kelly, 211 A.D.2d 488, 488-89 (N.Y. App. Div. 1995)
17	21-23	Baldea v. City of N.Y. License Div. of NYPD, 2021 WL 2148769, at *1 (N.Y. App. Div. May 27, 2021)
17	28-30	Kaplan v. Bratton, 249 A.D.2d 199, 201 (N.Y. App. Div. 1998)
17	34-35	Baldea, 2021 WL 2148769, at *1
21	6	701 F.3d at 88
21	12	Id. at 89
21	16-17	Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003)
21	17-18	Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)
21	24	701 F.3d at 94
21	32-35	Id. at 94-96
21	35	Id. at 96-97
22	4-5	Id. at 97
22	11-12	Id. at 100
22	29-34	Thomas M. Cooley, The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States of America 271 (1880)
22	35-37	Heller, 554 U.S. at 592
23	9-10	Kanter, 919 F.3d at 451 (Barrett, J., dissenting)
24	31-32	Heller, 554 U.S. at 628-29
25	32-34	Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 174 (1803)
26	3-5	Cooley, General Principles, supra at 271
26	10-11	Heller, 554 U.S. at 576
26	14-15	Id. at 583
26	18-19	Id. at 584
26	21-23	Samuel Johnson, Dictionary of the English Language 161 (4th ed. 1773) (reprinted 1978), cited in Heller, 554 U.S. at 584
26	25-27	Noah Webster, American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), cited in Heller, 554 U.S. at 584
26	31-32	Heller, 554 U.S. at 584
27	3-4	Id. (quoting Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 143 (1998) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting))
27	8-10	Heller, 554 U.S. at 679-80 (Stevens, J., dissenting)
27	23-28	John Ordronaux, Constitutional Legislation in the United States: Its Origin, and Application to the Relative Powers of Congress, and of State Legislatures 241-42 (1891), cited in Heller, 554 U.S. at 619
27	33-34	5 Tucker's Blackstone App'x 19
28	4-5	Id.
28	10-11	554 U.S. at 577-78
28	13-14	See id. at 599
28	14	id. at 637 (Stevens, J., dissenting)
28	21-22	Militia Act of 1792, ch. 33, §1, 1 Stat. 271 (1792)
28	25-26	Parker v. District of Columbia, 478 F.3d 370, 386-89 (2007)
28	34-35	Peruta v. California, 137 S.Ct. 1995, 1998 (2017) (Thomas, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari)
29	3-4	Moore v. Madigan, 702 F.3d 933, 936 (7th Cir. 2012)
29	9-10	Rogers, 140 S.Ct. at 1869 (Thomas, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari)
29	22-23	554 U.S. at 594
29	28-31	Legality of the London Military Foot-Association (1780), reprinted in William Blizard, Desultory Reflections on Police 59-60, 63 (1785)
30	3-4	554 U.S. at 593 (quoting 1 W. & M., ch. 2, §7, in 3 Eng. Stat. at Large 441)
30	5-6	1 Blackstone, supra at 140
30	10-11	2 Tucker's Blackstone, supra at 145 n.42
30	12-13	Knight, 90 Eng. Rep. 330
30	15-16	1 Hawkins, supra at 71
30	16-19	1 Hale, supra at 481
30	24-25	Heller, 554 U.S. at 626
30	34-35	Sir John Knight's Case, 87 Eng. Rep. 75, 76 (K.B. 1686)
30	35-36	Knight, 90 Eng. Rep. at 330
31	7-8	William Rawle, A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 123 (1825)
31	8-10	3 Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States §1891, p. 747 (1833)
31	10-11	Heller, 554 U.S. at 595, 606-08
31	20-22	Proceedings of the Virginia Assembly, 1619, in Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606-25, at 273 (Lyon Gardiner Tyler ed., 1907)
31	30	1795 Mass. Laws 436, ch. 2
31	34-35	1 The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut 95 (1850)
31	35-36	7 The Statutes at Large of South Carolina 418 (1840)
31	36-37	19 The Colonial Records of the State of Georgia (pt. 1) 137-38 (1911)
31	37-38	1 Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England 85, 190 (1853)
32	3-4	1795 Mass. Laws 436, ch. 2
32	5-7	Wrenn v. District of Columbia, 864 F.3d 650, 661 (D.C. Cir. 2017)
32	9-10	1836 Mass. Laws 748, 750, ch. 134, §16
32	13	Id.
32	22-23	Volokh, supra, 109 Colum. L. Rev. Sidebar at 101-02
32	34	1821 Me. Laws 285, ch. 73 §1
33	6-8	554 U.S. at 585 & n.9, 602
33	12-13	State v. Huntly, 25 N.C. 418, 422-23 (1843)
33	18-19	Bliss, 12 Ky. at 92
33	21-22	554 U.S. at 585-86 & n.9
33	24-25	see id.
33	28-29	Simpson v. State, 13 Tenn. 356, 359-60 (1833)
33	35-36	Aymette v. State, 21 Tenn. 154, 155 (1840)
33	37	Id. at 160
33	37	Heller, 554 U.S. at 613
33	38	see 554 U.S. at 629
34	9-10	Heller, 554 U.S. at 612
34	12-13	1 Ga. at 251
34	17	Id.
34	17-18	554 U.S. at 585 n.9, 629
34	22-23	1 Ala. at 619
34	24-25	Heller, 554 U.S. at 585 n.9, 613, 626
34	28-29	5 La. Ann. at 490
34	37	Andrews v. State, 50 Tenn. 165, 187 (1871)
35	4-5	English, 35 Tex. at 474, 476-77
35	8-9	Workman, 14 S.E. at 10-11
35	11-13	Hill v. State, 53 Ga. 472, 474-75 (1874)
35	15-17	State v. Buzzard, 4 Ark. 18, 22 (1842)
35	21	But see id. at 39
35	27	Wrenn, 864 F.3d at 658
35	29-30	Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971)
35	32-37	State v. Duke, 42 Tex. 455 (1875)
35	36	id. at 458
35	37	id. at 457
36	20-21	Heller, 554 U.S. at 614
36	21	McDonald, 561 U.S. at 771
36	25-26	Heller, 554 at 614-15
36	26	H.R. Exec. Doc. No. 70, at 236
36	31	id. at 233-39
37	4-5	14 Stat. at 176-77
37	5-6	McDonald, 561 U.S. at 773
37	12-14	17 Stat. at 13-14, §§2, 8
37	21-22	Heller, 554 U.S. at 616-619
37	29-31	Thomas M. Cooley, A Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations Which Rest Upon the Legislative Power of the States of the American Union 350 (1868)
37	33-34	Id. at *350 n.1
38	4-6	2 James Kent, Commentaries on American Law *340 (12th ed. 1884)
38	9-10	Id.
38	18-19	Heller, 554 U.S. at 626
38	24-25	Nunn, 1 Ga. at 251
38	25-26	Andrews v. State, 50 Tenn. 165, 187 (1871)
38	26	Heller, 554 U.S. at 629
38	32-34	Caetano v. Massachusetts, 577 U.S. 411 (2016)
39	7-8	Id. at 411-412
39	8-9	id. at 412-13 (Alito, J., concurring)
39	21-22	McDonald, 561 U.S. at 767-68
39	22-23	Heller, 554 U.S. at 599, 630
39	23-24	Heller, 554 U.S. at 628
39	33-35	Moore, 702 F.3d at 937
40	16-17	Heller, 554 U.S. at 629
40	20-22	Heller v. District of Columbia, 670 F.3d 1244, 1273 (D.C. Cir. 2011)
40	31-32	Heller, 554 U.S. at 628-29
40	35	U.S. Const. amend. II
41	6	Heller, 554 U.S. at 580
41	8	Id. at 581
41	13	Wrenn, 864 F.3d at 665
41	23-24	Kachalsky, 701 F.3d at 86 (quoting Klenosky, 428 N.Y.S.2d at 257)
41	28	Heller, 554 U.S. at 628
42	21-22	Watchtower Bible & Tract Soc'y of N.Y., Inc. v. Vill. of Stratton, 536 U.S. 150, 162 (2002)
42	22-23	City of Lakewood v. Plain Dealer Publ'g Co., 486 U.S. 750, 764 (1988)
43	34	554 U.S. at 629
44	3-4	See id. (citing Nunn, 1 Ga. at 251; Andrews, 50 Tenn. at 187)
44	11-12	Id. (quoting Reid, 1 Ala. at 616-17)
44	14-15	Id. at 629
44	21	Id.
44	24-25	Nunn, 1 Ga. at 246, 251
44	25	Andrews, 50 Tenn. at 171, 186
44	25-26	Bliss, 12 Ky. at 90, 92
44	29-31	Heller, 554 U.S. at 636
45	4-5	Id. at 628-29
45	9-10	Kachalsky, 701 F.3d at 93
45	29-33	Heller II, 670 F.3d at 1294 (Kavanaugh, J., dissenting)
46	7-8	Nunn, 1 Ga. at 251
46	13-15	Andrews, 50 Tenn. at 187
46	18-19	Kachalsky, 701 F.3d at 93
46	21-22	554 U.S. at 592
46	25	Id. at 628
46	28	Moore, 702 F.3d at 935
46	35-36	Heller, 554 U.S. at 615-16, 625
47	7-8	McDonald, 561 U.S. at 767-80
47	19-20	Kachalsky, 701 F.3d at 96-97
47	21-23	Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta, --- S.Ct. ---, 2021 WL 2690268 (U.S. July 1, 2021)
47	29-30	2021 WL 2690268, at *7
47	30-32	Packingham v. North Carolina, 137 S.Ct. 1730, 1736 (2017)
47	32-34	McCullen v. Coakley, 573 U.S. 464, 486 (2014)
47	34-35	McCutcheon v. Fed. Election Comm'n, 572 U.S. 185, 218 (2014)
48	9-10	McCullen, 573 U.S. at 486
48	15-17	Heller, 554 U.S. at 628-29
48	20	Id. at 634
48	24-25	Kachalsky, 701 F.3d at 99
48	28-29	554 U.S. at 635

Page	Line	Citation
iv	9	86 Fed. Reg. 74,434 (Dec. 30, 2021)
2	3	Id. at 10
2	8	49 U.S.C. § 32902(h)(l)
2	14	42 U.S.C. § 7521
3	7-8	West Virginia v. EPA, 142 S. Ct. 2587, 2613 n.3 (2022)
3	14	Id.
4	14	86 Fed. Reg. 74,434 (Dec. 30, 2021)
4	14	42 U.S.C. § 7607(b)(l)
4	20	42 U.S.C. § 7521
5	22	42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)(l)
6	2	Id.
6	5-6	Id. § 7521(a)(2)
6	8-9	42 U.S.C. §§ 7521(a)(3)(B)(ii), 7521(b)(l)(A)-(B)
6	11-12	id. §§ 7521(g), 7521(h), 7521(i), 7541(c)(4)(A), 7541(c)(4)(B)(ii), 7541(c)(5)
6	17-18	Id. § 7521(m)(l)
7	2-3	42 U.S.C. § 7525(a)(l)
7	4	Id.
7	7-8	Id. § 7541(c)(3)(C)
7	11-12	42 U.S.C. § 7525(b)(l)
7	14-15	Id. § 7525(b)(2)(A)(ii)
7	17-18	42 U.S.C. § 7541(a)(l)
8	2	Id. §§ 7522(a)(l), 7524(a)-(b)
8	6-7	Id. § 7541(c)(l)-(2)
8	11-12	Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497 (2007)
8	15	74 Fed. Reg. 66,496 (Dec. 15, 2009)
8	18-19	49 U.S.C. § 32901 et seq.
9	3-4	75 Fed. Reg. 25,324, 25,327 (May 7, 2010)
9	4	84 Fed. Reg. 51,310, 51,315 (Sept. 27, 2019)
9	4-6	Delta Constr. Co. v. EPA, 783 F.3d 1291, 1294 (D.C. Cir. 2015)
9	10-11	85 Fed. Reg. 24,174 (Apr. 30, 2020)
9	11	77 Fed. Reg. 62,624 (Oct. 15, 2012)
9	13-14	49 U.S.C. § 32902(h)(l)
9	20-21	86 Fed. Reg. 43,726, 43,746 (Aug. 10, 2021)
10	3-4	Id. at 43,755
10	12-13	86 Fed. Reg. at 43,583
10	13-14	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,437
10	17-18	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,434
10	20-21	id. at 74,438
11	13-14	40 C.F.R. § 86.1865-12(i)
11	17-18	40 C.F.R. § 86.1818-12(c)(2)
12	1-2	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,450, 74,522
12	9	Id. at 74,439 n.16
12	12-13	40 C.F.R. §§ 86.1818-12(c)(2)(ii), 86.1865-12(i)(l)
12	17-18	40 C.F.R. § 86.1865-12(j)
13	2-3	Id. § 86.1865-12(k)(l), (4)
13	6-7	Id. § 86.1865-12(k)(7)(i), (9)
13	10-11	40 C.F.R. § 86.1866-12(a)
13	11-12	id. § 86.1803-01
13	15-16	Id. § 86.1866-12(a)
13	16-17	Id. § 86.1866-12(c)
14	1-2	Id. § 86.1866-12(b)
14	2-3	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,458-63
14	8-9	40 C.F.R. §§ 86.1818-12(c)(l), 86.1865-12(j), (k)(8)
14	9-10	id. § 86.1865-12(k)(8)(ii)-(iii)
14	16-17	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,435
14	18-19	Id. at 74,440
14	20	86 Fed. Reg. at 43,732
14	20	85 Fed. Reg. at 24,183
15	5-6	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,486
15	8	Id. at 74,485
15	8-9	id. at 74,438
15	16	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,484
15	17-18	Id. at 74,493
16	10	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2605
16	19-20	142 S. Ct. at 2614
17	4-5	id. at 2612
20	8-9	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,503
20	13-15	American Fuel & Petrochemical Mfrs. v. EPA, 3 F.4th 373, 379-380 (D.C. Cir. 2021)
20	17-18	Competitive Enter. Inst. v. NHTSA, 901 F.2d 107, 111-113 (D.C. Cir. 1990)
20	18-19	Action on Smoking & Health v. Department of Labor, 100 F.3d 991, 992 (D.C. Cir. 1996)
21	3-5	Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advert. Comm'n, 432 U.S. 333, 342-343 (1977)
21	14-15	5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), (C)
21	19-20	5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(C)
21	20	42 U.S.C. § 7607(d)(9)(C)
22	9-11	Alabama Ass'n of Realtors v. HHS, 141 S. Ct. 2485, 2489 (2021)
22	11-12	Utility Air Regul. Grp. v. EPA, 573 U.S. 302, 324 (2014)
22	13-14	West Virginia v. EPA, 142 S. Ct. 2587, 2609 (2022)
22	14-15	Utility Air, 573 U.S. at 324
22	15	Id.
23	3-4	142 S. Ct. at 2609 & 2613 n.4
23	4-5	Alabama Ass'n of Realtors, 141 S. Ct. at 2489
24	7-8	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,509
24	9-10	Id. at 74,509
24	13-14	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2610
25	6-7	142 S. Ct. at 2610
25	10-11	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,493
25	11-12	id. at 74,485
25	15-16	Id. at 74,438
25	18-19	Id. at 74,438
26	4-5	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,484
26	13-14	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,452
28	7-9	U.S. Telecom Ass'n v. FCC, 855 F.3d 381, 422-423 (D.C. Cir. 2017)
28	12-13	Utility Air, 573 U.S. at 324
28	18-19	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct at 2614
28	20-21	Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 13, § 1962.4
29	7-8	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2614
29	8-9	FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 155 (2000)
29	14-15	Pub. L. No. 117-58, §§ 25006, 40435, 40436, 135 Stat. 429, 845-49, 1050 (2021)
30	1	142 S. Ct. at 2612
30	5	Id. at 2612
30	13	86 Fed. Reg. 49,602, 49,797 (Sept. 3, 2021)
31	14	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2612
32	6-7	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2612-2613
32	11-12	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2614
32	12-13	Brown & Williamson, 529 U.S. at 144
32	15-16	Zero-Emission Vehicles Act of 2019, H.R. 2764, 116th Cong. (2019)
32	16	Zero-Emission Vehicles Act of 2018, S. 3664, 115th Cong. (2018)
32	16-17	116 Cong. Rec. 19238-40 (1970)
33	1-2	Brown & Williamson, 529 U.S. at 147-148, 160
33	2-3	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2614
33	6-7	Utility Air, 573 U.S. at 321
33	10-12	Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, Pub. L. No. 117-169, §§ 13202, 13404, 22003, 136 Stat. 1818, 1932, 1966-1969, 2020 (2022)
33	18-19	42 U.S.C. § 7545(o)(2)(A)(i)
33	20	Id. § 7545(o)(2)(B)
33	20-21	87 Fed. Reg. 39,600 (July 1, 2022)
34	12-13	Utility Air, 573 U.S. at 324
34	13	Brown & Williamson, 529 U.S. at 159
35	2-3	77 Fed. Reg. at 62,917
35	9-10	49 U.S.C. § 32902(h)(l)
35	17-18	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,442
35	20-21	Id. at 43,583
36	6-7	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,437
36	8-9	Id. at 74,494
36	11-12	142 S. Ct. at 2612
37	10	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2609
38	8-9	48 Fed. Reg. 33,456, 33,458 (July 21, 1983)
38	10-11	54 Fed. Reg. 22,652, 22,665 (May 25, 1989)
38	11	55 Fed. Reg. 30,584, 30,593 (July 26, 1990)
38	16-17	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2612 n.3
38	20-21	142 S. Ct. at 2614
39	17-18	42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)
40	3-4	48 Fed. Reg. at 33,458
40	5-6	54 Fed. Reg. at 22,666
40	6-8	Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 341 (1997)
40	17-18	42 U.S.C. § 7521(b)
40	21-22	Id. § 7521(b)(l)(A)
41	6-7	Antonin Scalia & Bryan Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 93 (2012)
41	8	Rotkiske v. Klemm, 140 S. Ct. 355, 360-361 (2019)
41	17	42 U.S.C. § 7525(a)(2)
41	18-19	Id.
42	11	42 U.S.C. § 7521(b)(l)(B)
42	13	Id. § 7521(b)(3)
42	19-20	Id. § 7521(g)(l)
43	3	Id. § 7521(g)(l)
43	8	Id. § 7521(m)(l)
43	9-10	Id.
43	19	Utility Air, 573 U.S. at 321
44	3-4	Id. at 322
44	10-11	42 U.S.C. § 7525(a)(l)
44	14-15	Id. § 7525(b)(2)(A)(ii)
44	16-17	Id. § 7522(a)(l)
45	5-6	42 U.S.C. § 7525(a)(l)
45	9-10	42 U.S.C. § 7522(a)(l)
45	14-15	40 C.F.R. §§ 86.1818-12(c)(2)(2), 86.1865-12(i)(l), (j)(3)
45	17-19	42 U.S.C. § 7602(k)
46	10-11	42 U.S.C. § 7541(a)(l)
46	13-15	40 C.F.R. § 86.1865-12(i)(l)
47	2-3	42 U.S.C. § 7541(c)(l)
47	3-4	Id. § 7541(h)(l)
47	5-6	id. § 7541(c)(2)
47	13-14	42 U.S.C. § 7524(a)
48	1-2	42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(l)(B)(v)(II)
48	6-8	SAS Inst., Inc. v. Iancu, 138 S. Ct. 1348, 1351 (2018)
48	7-8	Rotkiske, 140 S. Ct. at 360-361
48	15-16	49 U.S.C. § 32902(a)
48	17-18	Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis, 138 S. Ct. 1612, 1626 (2018)
49	4-5	Pub. L. No. 91-601, § 8, 84 Stat. 1676, 1694-1696
49	9-10	H.R. Rep. No. 91-1146, at 6 (1970)
49	20-21	54 Fed. Reg. at 22,665
50	3-4	42 U.S.C. § 7545(k)(7)
50	4-5	§ 7545(o)(2)(A)(ii)(II)(cc), (5)(A)(i)
50	5-6	id. § 7545(o)(2)(A)(ii)(II)(cc), (5)(A)(ii)
50	6-7	id. § 7545(o)(2)(A)(ii)(II)(cc), (5)(A)(iii)
50	7-8	id. § 7586(f)
50	8-9	id. § 7589(d)
50	14-15	SAS Inst., 138 S. Ct. at 1351
50	18-19	NRDC v. Thomas, 805 F.2d 410 (D.C. Cir. 1986)
51	2-3	Id. at 425 n.24
51	4	Id.
51	6	id.
52	13-15	42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)(l)
53	1-2	42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)(l)
53	10-11	42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)(l)
53	14-15	40 C.F.R. § 86.1866-12(a)
53	15-16	42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)(l)
54	1-2	42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)(l)
54	7-8	Scalia & Garner, supra, at 140
55	7	Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. 20, 26 (2003)
55	16	Truck Trailers Mfrs. Ass'n v. EPA, 17 F.4th 1198, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 2021)
55	17-18	NRDC v. EPA, 954 F.3d 150, 152 (2d Cir. 2020)
56	11	NRDC v. EPA, 655 F.2d 318, 338 (D.C. Cir. 1981)
57	9	40 C.F.R. § 86.1866-12
57	10	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,446
57	18-19	42 U.S.C. § 7411(d)(l)
58	1-2	West Virginia, 142 S. Ct. at 2612 n.3
58	2-3	42 U.S.C. § 7411(d)
58	7	Id.
58	14-15	42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)(2)
58	15-16	42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)(3)(A)(i)
58	19-20	Id. § 7521(a)(3)(A)(i)
59	10-11	42 U.S.C. § 7521(m)(l)
59	11-12	Id.
59	19-21	NRDC, 805 F.2d at 419
60	3-4	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,451
60	17-18	Pub. L. No. 101-549, § 229, 104 Stat. 2399, 2513
60	18-19	42 U.S.C. §§ 7581(2), (7), 7582(a)
60	21-22	42 U.S.C. § 7586
60	22	id. § 7581(a)
61	11-13	Pub. L. No. 102-486, §§ 302, 403, 106 Stat. 2776, 2870-2871, 2876
61	12-13	49 U.S.C. § 32902(h)
62	6-7	5 U.S.C. § 706(2)
64	13-15	FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project, 141 S. Ct. 1150, 1158 (2021)
65	1-3	National Ass'n of Home Builders v. EPA, 682 F.3d 1032, 1040 (D.C. Cir. 2012)
65	10-11	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,509-74,510
65	16-17	Id. at 74,500
66	4	Id.
66	8	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,501
66	10	Id.
66	13	Id.
66	19-20	American Pub. Gas Ass'n v. DOE, 22 F.4th 1018, 1027-1028 (D.C. Cir. 2022)
67	1	Id.
67	2-3	Executive Order 12,866, 58 Fed. Reg. 51,735 (Oct. 4, 1993)
67	14-15	86 Fed. Reg. at 74,501
67	19-20	Watten, supra, at 25
68	3-4	Id. at 35
68	18-19	National Shooting Sports Found., Inc. v. Jones, 716 F.3d 200, 215 (D.C. Cir. 2013)
69	4-5	United Techs. Corp. v. U.S. Dep't of Def., 601 F.3d 557, 562 (D.C. Cir. 2010)

# Citation Log — Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
Page	Line	Citation
------	------	----------
1	12-13	Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)
1	13-14	Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992)
1	17-18	505 U.S. at 877 (plurality opinion)
1	21	id. at 846
1	22-23	Roe, 410 U.S. at 154
2	5-6	410 U.S. at 152-53
2	10	505 U.S. at 846-53
2	11-12	id. at 851, 853
2	17-18	Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 325 (1980)
2	31-32	June Medical Services L.L.C. v. Russo, 140 S. Ct. 2103, 2136 (2020) (Roberts, C.J., concurring in judgment)
2	37-38	City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416, 454 (1983) (O'Connor, J., dissenting)
3	13-14	Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747, 795 (1986) (White, J., dissenting)
3	17-18	Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U.S. 528, 547 (1985)
3	21-23	Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720 (1997)
3	24-27	Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Some Thoughts on Autonomy and Equality in Relation to Roe v. Wade, 63 N.C. L. Rev. 375, 385-86 (1985)
4	3-4	Thornburgh, 476 U.S. at 814 (O'Connor, J., dissenting)
4	6-7	505 U.S. at 864-69
4	14-15	Roe, 410 U.S. at 153
4	15-16	Casey, 505 U.S. at 856
4	17-18	id. at 860
4	32-33	Janus v. AFSCME, 138 S. Ct. 2448, 2484 (2018)
4	36-37	Ibid.
5	5-6	505 U.S. at 855-56
5	29-30	945 F.3d 265
5	33-34	349 F. Supp. 3d 536
6	14-15	U.S. Const. amend. X
6	19-22	U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1
6	23-24	Miss. Code Ann. § 41-41-191
7	25-27	Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 873 (1992) (plurality opinion)
12	11	U.S. Const. art. I, § 10
12	14-15	U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1
12	19-21	Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720-21 (1997)
12	31-33	James S. Witherspoon, Reexamining Roe: Nineteenth-Century Abortion Statutes and the Fourteenth Amendment, 17 St. Mary's J.L. 29, 33 (1985)
13	7-8	Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)
13	9-10	Id. at 174 (Rehnquist, J., dissenting)
13	10-13	id. at 175 n.1
13	11-13	176 n.2
13	15-16	Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015)
13	21-22	Id. at 671
13	25	Ibid.
13	29	U.S. Const. amend X
13	31-32	Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 728
13	33-34	Ibid.
14	8-9	Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)
14	9-10	Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992)
14	17-18	505 U.S. at 846
14	21-22	Knick v. Township of Scott, 139 S. Ct. 2162, 2177 (2019)
14	33-35	Ramos v. Louisiana, 140 S. Ct. 1390, 1414 (2020) (Kavanaugh, J., concurring in part)
15	4-5	Casey, 505 U.S. at 869-79 (plurality opinion)
15	5-6	Roe, 410 U.S. at 155-56
15	11-12	410 U.S. at 152-53
15	15-16	U.S. Const. amend. I, IV
15	24-26	Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 723-24
15	29-30	Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)
16	3-4	id. at 480, 484-85
16	7	Id. at 486
16	17	505 U.S. at 851, 853
16	17	id. at 846-53
16	35-36	Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 325 (1980)
17	3-5	Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747, 792 (1986) (White, J., dissenting)
17	6-7	410 U.S. at 159
17	8-9	505 U.S. at 852
17	14-16	Obergefell, 576 U.S. at 679
17	18-19	Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 578 (2003)
17	22	505 U.S. at 853
17	29-31	Janus v. AFSCME, 138 S. Ct. 2448, 2479 (2018)
17	35-37	Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124, 172 (2007) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting)
18	8-9	Knick, 139 S. Ct. at 2178
18	11-13	Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic, 506 U.S. 263, 272-73 (1993)
18	15-16	Vacco v. Quill, 521 U.S. 793, 800 (1997)
18	23-24	Bray, 506 U.S. at 270
18	30-31	Ramos, 140 S. Ct. at 1405
18	31-33	Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 42, 68-69 (2004)
18	33-35	Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 50 (1990)
19	6-7	Montejo v. Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778, 792 (2009)
19	7-8	Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 827 (1991)
19	13-14	Payne, 501 U.S. at 827
19	18-19	Casey, 505 U.S. at 877 (plurality opinion)
19	21-22	Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, 136 S. Ct. 2292 (2016)
19	23-25	June Medical Services L.L.C. v. Russo, 140 S. Ct. 2103, 2120-32 (2020) (plurality opinion)
19	25-27	id. at 2135-42 (Roberts, C.J., concurring in judgment)
19	28-30	id. at 2154-65 (Alito, J., dissenting)
20	3-4	Id. at 2136 (Roberts, C.J., concurring in judgment)
20	7-8	Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U.S. 528 (1985)
20	10-11	Id. at 546
20	15	Ibid.
20	23-25	Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52, 92 (1976) (White, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
20	34-35	Garcia, 469 U.S. at 531, 546
21	5-6	Casey, 505 U.S. at 875 (plurality opinion)
21	17-18	June Medical, 140 S. Ct. at 2136 (Roberts, C.J., concurring in judgment)
21	23-24	Maher v. Roe, 432 U.S. 464, 479 (1977)
21	25-26	Thornburgh, 476 U.S. at 796 (White, J., dissenting)
22	3-5	City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416, 456 n.4 (1983) (O'Connor, J., dissenting)
22	8-9	505 U.S. at 855 (internal quotation marks omitted)
22	21	id. at 871-76 (plurality opinion)
23	7-8	Ramos, 140 S. Ct. at 1415 (Kavanaugh, J., concurring in part)
23	10	Payne, 501 U.S. at 825-27
23	11-12	Garcia, 469 U.S. at 547
23	14-15	U.S. Const. amend. X
23	21-22	Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720 (1997)
23	29-33	Preterm-Cleveland v. McCloud, 994 F.3d 512, 536, 537 (6th Cir. 2021) (Sutton, J., concurring)
24	3-4	Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914, 947 (2000) (O'Connor, J., concurring)
24	6-7	505 U.S. at 867
24	9-10	Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 443 (2000)
24	17-19	Dahlia Lithwick, Foreword: Roe v. Wade at Forty, 74 Ohio St. L.J. 5, 11 (2013)
24	22-28	A. Raymond Randolph, Before Roe v. Wade: Judge Friendly's Draft Abortion Opinion, 29 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 1035, 1060 (2006)
24	35-36	Casey, 505 U.S. at 876-78 (plurality opinion)
24	37-38	id. at 895
25	5-6	Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 153
25	7-8	Whole Woman's Health, 136 S. Ct. at 2350-53 (Alito, J., dissenting)
25	9-10	Danforth, 428 U.S. at 100-01 (White, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
25	10-12	June Medical, 140 S. Ct. at 2171-73 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting)
25	12-13	id. at 2173-75
25	13-14	id. at 2176-78
25	14-15	id. at 2178-79
25	24-25	Thornburgh, 476 U.S. at 814 (O'Connor, J., dissenting)
25	27-28	Casey, 505 U.S. at 869
25	28-31	Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490, 541 (1989) (Blackmun, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
25	34-36	Thornburgh, 476 U.S. at 814 (O'Connor, J., dissenting)
26	5-7	Beal v. Doe, 432 U.S. 438, 461 (1977) (Marshall, J., dissenting)
26	12-14	Thornburgh, 476 U.S. at 814 (O'Connor, J., dissenting)
26	14-15	Randolph, 29 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y at 1061
26	23-24	505 U.S. at 864-69
26	28-29	Id. at 865-66
26	32-33	Id. at 867
27	9-10	Id. at 869
27	15-17	Vasquez v. Hillery, 474 U.S. 254, 265-66 (1986)
27	22-25	United States v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166, 188 (1974) (Powell, J., concurring)
27	33-36	Maryland v. King, 567 U.S. 1301, 1303 (2012) (Roberts, C.J., in chambers)
28	13-15	Janus v. AFSCME, 138 S. Ct. 2448, 2482 (2018)
28	18-19	Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 720
28	26-27	Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 325 (1980)
28	27-30	Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 728
29	7-8	410 U.S. at 153
29	17-18	McCorvey v. Hill, 385 F.3d 846, 851 (5th Cir. 2004) (Jones, J., concurring)
29	23-24	Casey, 505 U.S. at 856
29	25-27	Laurie Sobel et al., The Future of Contraceptive Coverage 4 (Kaiser Family Foundation, Issue Brief, Jan. 2017)
29	33-37	Aparna Sundaram et al., Contraceptive Failure in the United States: Estimates from the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth, 49 Persps. on Sexual & Reprod. Health 7, 11 tbl.2 (2017)
30	9-10	Casey, 505 U.S. at 856
30	10-11	Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., 573 U.S. 682, 741 (2014) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting)
30	17-18	505 U.S. at 860
30	22-23	Ibid.
30	25-26	McCorvey, 385 F.3d at 852 (Jones, J., concurring)
30	28-30	Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124, 160 (2007)
30	31-32	MKB Mgmt. Corp. v. Stenehjem, 795 F.3d 768, 774 (8th Cir. 2015)
30	35-36	410 U.S. at 159
31	5	Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 147
31	19-21	Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 828 (1991)
31	20-22	Ramos v. Louisiana, 140 S. Ct. 1390, 1415 (2020) (Kavanaugh, J., concurring in part)
31	27-30	Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 63-64, 66 (1996)
31	30-32	West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379, 390 (1937)
31	35-36	Payne, 501 U.S. at 828-29
31	36-37	Knick v. Township of Scott, 139 S. Ct. 2162, 2178 (2019)
32	9-10	Payne, 501 U.S. at 828-30
32	15-16	June Medical Services L.L.C. v. Russo, 140 S. Ct. 2103 (2020)
32	20-21	id. at 2120-32 (plurality opinion)
32	21-22	id. at 2135-39 (Roberts, C.J., concurring in judgment)
32	27	Janus, 138 S. Ct. at 2484
33	3-5	Planned Parenthood of Indiana & Kentucky, Inc. v. Box, 991 F.3d 740, 751-52 (7th Cir. 2021)
33	10-12	Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747, 787 (1986) (White, J., dissenting)
33	15-16	Payne, 501 U.S. at 827
33	22-23	H.J. Res. 427, 93d Cong., 119 Cong. Rec. 7569, 7591 (1973)
33	23-24	S.J. Res. 3, 98th Cong., 129 Cong. Rec. 671-75 (1983)
33	33-34	Janus, 138 S. Ct. at 2487 (Kagan, J., dissenting)
34	10-11	Payne, 501 U.S. at 828
34	13-14	505 U.S. at 855-56
34	17-18	Id. at 856
34	33-34	Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
34	37-38	505 U.S. at 856
35	10-12	Rosalind Pollack Petchesky, Abortion and Woman's Choice 109, 133 n.7 (rev. ed. 1990)
35	19-21	42 U.S.C. § 2000e(k)
35	21-23	29 U.S.C. § 2612
35	23-25	26 U.S.C. § 21
35	31-32	505 U.S. at 855
36	3-4	Cal. Health & Safety Code § 123460 et seq.
36	4-5	Ill. Comp. Stat., ch. 775 § 55/1-1 et seq.
36	5-6	N.Y. Pub. Health Law §§ 2599-aa, 2599-bb
36	8-9	Idaho Code § 18-622
36	9	Miss. Code Ann. § 41-41-45
36	10-12	Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45, 76 (1905) (Holmes, J., dissenting)
36	15-17	Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 378 (2010) (Roberts, C.J., concurring)
36	18-19	Ibid.
36	30-32	Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 728 (1997)
36	36-37	Casey, 505 U.S. at 846
37	9-10	Casey, 505 U.S. at 846
37	21-22	Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 157
38	3-6	Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 326 (1980)
38	8-10	Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana & Kentucky, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 1780, 1782 (2019) (per curiam)
38	10-11	Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 728 n.21
38	35-37	Casey, 505 U.S. at 879 (plurality opinion)
39	28-31	James S. Witherspoon, Reexamining Roe: Nineteenth-Century Abortion Statutes and the Fourteenth Amendment, 17 St. Mary's J.L. 29, 33-34 (1985)
39	34-35	Roe, 410 U.S. at 132
39	35-37	id.
40	3-4	id. at 160
40	9-10	410 U.S. at 163
40	10-16	505 U.S. at 870 (plurality opinion)
40	22-24	John Hart Ely, The Wages of Crying Wolf: A Comment on Roe v. Wade, 82 Yale L.J. 920, 924 (1973)
40	31-32	Roe, 410 U.S. at 160
41	8	Casey, 505 U.S. at 870 (plurality opinion)
41	23-24	Casey, 505 U.S. at 846
41	25	Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 731
41	30-31	Thornburgh, 476 U.S. at 795 (White, J., dissenting)
42	3-4	Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124, 163 (2007)
42	10-11	Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483, 489-91 (1955)
42	25-27	MKB Mgmt. Corp. v. Stenehjem, 795 F.3d 768, 774 (8th Cir. 2015)
42	31-34	Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490, 552 (1989) (Blackmun, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
43	7-8	City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416, 458 (1983) (O'Connor, J., dissenting)
43	11-13	MKB Mgmt., 795 F.3d at 774
43	17-18	Edwards v. Beck, 786 F.3d 1113, 1118 (8th Cir. 2015) (per curiam)
43	25-26	Casey, 505 U.S. at 870 (plurality opinion)
43	30-31	City of Akron, 462 U.S. at 452 (O'Connor, J., dissenting)
44	3-4	Webster, 492 U.S. at 519 (plurality opinion)
44	4-5	City of Akron, 462 U.S. at 461 (O'Connor, J., dissenting)
44	13-14	Casey, 505 U.S. at 865
44	25-27	Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 147
44	29-30	Id. at 171 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting)
44	32-33	505 U.S. at 871 (plurality opinion)
44	35-36	MKB Mgmt., 795 F.3d at 774
44	37-38	Casey, 505 U.S. at 870 (plurality opinion)
45	7-8	410 U.S. at 129-47
45	9-10	Casey, 505 U.S. at 870 (plurality opinion)
45	16-17	Casey, 505 U.S. at 870 (plurality opinion)
45	33-34	Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 375 (2010) (Roberts, C.J., concurring)
46	24-25	Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar, 575 U.S. 433, 444 (2015)
46	36-37	Casey, 505 U.S. at 876 (plurality opinion)
47	6-7	id. at 881-87 (joint opinion)
47	9-10	id. at 899-900 (joint opinion)
47	14-16	June Medical Services L.L.C. v. Russo, 140 S. Ct. 2103, 2137 (2020) (Roberts, C.J., concurring in judgment)
47	21-22	Casey, 505 U.S. at 895
48	3-4	Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 146
48	4-8	CDC, Abortion Surveillance—Findings and Reports (Nov. 25, 2020)
48	11-12	Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 160
48	14-16	Gonzales, id. at 182 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting)
48	37-38	Webster, 492 U.S. at 521 (opinion of Rehnquist, C.J.)

Page	Line	Citation
2	4-5	Douglas v. Seacoast Prods., Inc., 431 U.S. 265, 272 (1977)
2	8-9	Warren G. Magnuson, The Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, 52 Wash. L. Rev. 427, 432 (1977)
2	11-12	S. Rep. No. 515, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. 4 (1975)
2	15-16	16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.
2	20-21	16 U.S.C. 1801(a)(6)
2	25-26	16 U.S.C. 1852(h)(1)
2	26-27	16 U.S.C. 1802(39), 1852(a) and (b), 1854, 1855(d)
2	31	16 U.S.C. 1853(a)(1)(A)
2	32	16 U.S.C. 1853(b)(14)
3	1	16 U.S.C. 1853(c)
3	3	16 U.S.C. 1854
3	6-7	16 U.S.C. 1854(a)(3) and (b)(3)
3	7	16 U.S.C. 1855(d)
3	13	16 U.S.C. 1801(a)(8)
3	13-14	16 U.S.C. 1851(a)(2), 1853(a)(5)
3	18	16 U.S.C. 1853(b)(8)
3	21	16 U.S.C. 1802(31)
3	22-23	16 U.S.C. 1802(36)
3	23-24	16 U.S.C. 1857(1)(D)-(F) and (L)
3	28	16 U.S.C. 1858(g)(1)
4	1-2	83 Fed. Reg. 47,326, 47,326 (Sept. 19, 2018)
4	4-5	85 Fed. Reg. 7414, 7414 (Feb. 7, 2020)
4	8	85 Fed. Reg. at 7417
4	10	Ibid.
4	12	ibid.
4	15	50 C.F.R. 648.11(m)(4)(i) and (iii)
4	19	85 Fed. Reg. at 7414
4	22	Id. at 7417
4	25	50 C.F.R. 648.11(m)(1)(ii)(D) and (4)(ii)
4	27-28	85 Fed. Reg. at 7425
4	31	Id. at 7420
4	34	id. at 7425-7426, 7430
5	14-15	50 C.F.R. 648.11(g)(4)(iii)(A)
5	25	Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. NRDC, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984)
6	4-5	16 U.S.C. 1821, 1853a(e), 1862
7	8-9	Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. NRDC, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984)
8	7	5 U.S.C. 701 et seq.
8	24	Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400 (2019)
9	8	5 U.S.C. 706
9	34-35	Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. NRDC, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984)
10	14-16	Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400 (2019)
10	16-17	id. at 2408
10	17	Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997)
10	21-22	id. at 2423
10	34-35	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 865
11	28-30	Mayo Found. for Med. Educ. & Research v. United States, 562 U.S. 44, 52 (2011)
11	31	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842
12	1-2	Id. at 842-843
12	5	Id. at 843
12	9-10	Id. at 843-844
12	15-16	Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper, Inc., 556 U.S. 208, 218 (2009)
12	19-20	42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.
12	20	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 848-851
12	23-24	Id. at 850
12	23-24	id. at 848-851
12	28	Id. at 857
12	31-32	Id. at 857-858
13	3-4	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 840
13	5	id. at 842-845
13	6-7	id. at 845-853, 859-864
13	10	Id. at 864
13	13-14	Id. at 865
13	21-22	Smiley v. Citibank (S.D.), N.A., 517 U.S. 735, 740-741 (1996)
13	27-28	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843-844
13	28-29	Batterton v. Francis, 432 U.S. 416, 425-426 (1977)
13	29-30	42 U.S.C. 7522(a)
13	34	467 U.S. at 843-844
14	5	Id. at 843
14	17-18	City of Arlington v. FCC, 569 U.S. 290, 296 (2013)
14	22	Ibid.
14	30	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843 n.9
14	33-34	INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 320 n.45 (2001)
15	2-3	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2415
15	7-9	Pauley v. BethEnergy Mines, Inc., 501 U.S. 680, 707 (1991)
15	10-11	id. at 2448
15	15-16	City of Arlington, 569 U.S. at 296
15	17-18	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2416
15	20	Ibid.
15	24-25	United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 230 (2001)
15	28	Ibid.
15	29-30	id. at 231 & n.13
15	31-32	id. at 230-231
16	2-3	Id. at 230 & n.11
16	5-6	Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, 579 U.S. 211, 221 (2016)
16	11-12	King v. Burwell, 576 U.S. 473, 485-486 (2015)
16	15-16	West Virginia v. EPA, 142 S. Ct. 2587, 2609 (2022)
16	19	Ibid.
17	2-3	Smiley, 517 U.S. at 741
17	7-8	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2413
17	10	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 865
17	15-16	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2413
17	21	467 U.S. at 865
17	25-27	Environmental Def. Fund v. NRC, 902 F.2d 785, 788-789 (10th Cir. 1990)
17	29-33	Otsuka Pharm. Co. v. Price, 869 F.3d 987, 993-995 (D.C. Cir. 2017)
18	3	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2413
18	8-9	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2413
18	24	City of Arlington, 569 U.S. at 307
18	34	Perez v. Mortgage Bankers Ass'n, 575 U.S. 92, 96 (2015)
19	7-8	Pauley, 501 U.S. at 696
19	10	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 865
19	12	Pauley, 501 U.S. at 696
19	16-17	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 865
19	19	Ibid.
19	22-23	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2413
19	29	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 866
19	34	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842
20	4-5	Id. at 843
20	11-12	Peter L. Strauss, "Deference" Is Too Confusing—Let's Call Them "Chevron Space" and "Skidmore Weight," 112 Colum. L. Rev. 1143, 1145 (2012)
20	13-18	Antonin Scalia, Judicial Deference to Administrative Interpretations of Law, 1989 Duke L.J. 511, 515
20	21-22	Kent Barnett et al., Administrative Law's Political Dynamics, 71 Vand. L. Rev. 1463, 1466 (2018)
20	24-25	id. at 1467
20	26-27	id. at 1468
20	31	Id. at 1502
20	31-33	Harry T. Edwards, The Effects of Collegiality on Judicial Decision Making, 151 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1639, 1654 (2003)
21	3-5	Brett M. Kavanaugh, Fixing Statutory Interpretation, 129 Harv. L. Rev. 2118, 2153 (2016)
21	5-8	Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. v. Coke, 551 U.S. 158, 167 (2007)
21	11-12	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 865
21	12	Ford Motor Co. v. NLRB, 441 U.S. 488, 496-497 (1979)
21	30-31	City of Arlington, 569 U.S. at 296
21	33	Ibid.
22	5	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 866
22	17	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844
22	17-18	id. at 844 n.14
22	18-20	Edwards' Lessee v. Darby, 25 U.S. (12 Wheat.) 206 (1827)
22	27	Id. at 210
22	31-33	United States v. Vowell, 9 U.S. (5 Cranch) 368, 372 (1809)
22	33-35	United States v. Macdaniel, 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 1, 14-15
23	1-2	United States v. State Bank of N.C., 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 29, 39-40 (1832)
23	5-8	Henry P. Monaghan, Marbury and the Administrative State, 83 Colum. L. Rev. 1, 14-15 (1983)
23	8-9	United States v. Moore, 95 U.S. 760 (1878)
23	12	Id. at 763
23	14-16	National Lead Co. v. United States, 252 U.S. 140, 145-146 (1920)
23	20-22	Jacobs v. Pritchard, 223 U.S. 200, 214 (1912)
23	24-26	United States v. Alabama Great S. R.R., 142 U.S. 615, 621 (1892)
23	26-28	Schell's Executors v. Fauché, 138 U.S. 562, 572 (1891)
23	28-30	Brown v. United States, 113 U.S. 568, 570-571 (1885)
24	1-2	National Lead, 252 U.S. at 145-146
24	2-3	Jacobs, 223 U.S. at 213-214
24	10-11	Moore, 95 U.S at 763
24	11-13	Craig Green, Chevron Debates and the Constitutional Transformation of Administrative Law, 88 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 654, 683 (2020)
24	17-18	Mead, 533 U.S. at 242
24	19-21	Decatur v. Paulding, 39 U.S. (14 Pet.) 497 (1840)
24	22-23	Id. at 515
24	26	Ibid.
24	26-28	Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes, 37 U.S. (12 Pet.) 524, 610-614 (1838)
25	3-5	Gray v. Powell, 314 U.S. 402 (1941)
25	6-7	id. at 411
25	12-13	Id. at 411-412
25	16-17	Id. at 412
25	19-20	Id. at 411
25	19-21	NLRB v. Hearst Publ'ns, Inc., 322 U.S. 111, 130-131 (1944)
25	20-23	Kenneth Culp Davis, Administrative Law § 246, at 882-883 (1951)
25	29-31	EPA v. National Crushed Stone Ass'n, 449 U.S. 64, 83-84 (1980)
25	31-34	Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 437 U.S. 443, 450 (1978)
26	2-4	Udall v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 16 (1965)
26	3-5	Mitchell v. Budd, 350 U.S. 473, 480 (1956)
26	5-7	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843 n.11
26	11-14	Pittston Stevedoring Corp. v. Dellaventura, 544 F.2d 35, 49 (2d Cir. 1976)
26	13-14	aff'd, 432 U.S. 249 (1977)
26	16-19	Thomas W. Merrill, Judicial Deference to Executive Precedent, 101 Yale L.J. 969, 972 (1992)
26	21-22	id. at 974-975
27	9-11	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2422
27	9-11	Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Cmty., 572 U.S. 782, 798 (2014)
27	19-20	Sebelius v. Auburn Reg'l Med. Ctr., 568 U.S. 145, 158 (2013)
27	20-21	Holder v. Martinez Gutierrez, 566 U.S. 583, 591 (2012)
27	21-22	Mayo Found., 562 U.S. at 58
27	22-23	United States v. Eurodif S.A., 555 U.S. 305, 316 (2009)
27	23-25	National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 673 (2007)
27	24-25	Long Island Care, 551 U.S. at 165-168
27	25-26	Household Credit Servs., Inc. v. Pfennig, 541 U.S. 232, 242 (2004)
27	26-27	INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 425 (1999)
27	27-28	Smiley, 517 U.S. at 744
27	28	Pauley, 501 U.S. at 696-699
27	28-29	Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173, 184 (1991)
27	29-30	Massachusetts v. Morash, 490 U.S. 107, 116-119 (1989)
27	30-32	NLRB v. United Food & Commercial Workers Union, 484 U.S. 112, 123-125 (1987)
27	32-34	Clarke v. Securities Indus. Ass'n, 479 U.S. 388, 403-409 (1987)
27	33-35	Young v. Community Nutrition Inst., 476 U.S. 974, 980-981 (1986)
27	34-36	United States v. City of Fulton, 475 U.S. 657, 667-668 (1986)
27	35-36	United States v. Boyle, 469 U.S. 241, 246 n.4 (1985)
28	6-7	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2423
28	13-14	Id. at 2422
28	22	Bay Mills, 572 U.S. at 798
28	28-30	467 U.S. at 843
28	30-31	City of Arlington, 569 U.S. at 296
28	34-36	AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utils. Bd., 525 U.S. 366, 397
29	3-5	Stephen G. Breyer et al., Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy 289 (5th ed. 2002)
29	13-15	Cass R. Sunstein, Chevron As Law, 107 Geo. L.J. 1613, 1672 (2019)
29	21-22	Bay Mills, 572 U.S. at 799
29	22-23	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2422
29	25-27	Kimble v. Marvel Entm't, LLC, 576 U.S. 446, 456 (2015)
30	4-5	Kimble, 576 U.S. at 456
30	9-11	Separation of Powers Restoration Act of 2023, H.R. 288, 118th Cong. § 2(3)
30	14-16	H.R. Rep. No. 622, 114th Cong., 2d Sess. 21 (2016)
30	29-31	Regulatory Accountability Act of 2017, H.R. 5, 115th Cong. § 202 (2017)
30	30-32	Separation of Powers Restoration Act of 2016, H.R. 4768, 114th Cong. § 2 (2016)
30	34-36	Comprehensive Regulatory Reform Act of 1995, S. 343, 104th Cong. § 2(a)
31	19-21	INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 425 (1999)
31	20-22	United States v. Haggar Apparel Co., 526 U.S. 380, 383 (1999)
31	28-30	National R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Boston & Me. Corp., 503 U.S. 407, 421-422 (1992)
32	9-10	Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 828 (1991)
32	11-12	Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 119 (2013)
32	22-23	Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 (2009)
32	29	Payne, 501 U.S. at 828
33	11-12	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2422
33	16-17	Long Island Care, 551 U.S. at 162-164
33	25-26	467 U.S. at 859
33	26-29	Young v. Community Nutrition Inst., 476 U.S. 974, 978-979 (1986)
34	3-4	42 U.S.C. 7604
34	4	33 U.S.C. 1365
34	4-5	16 U.S.C. 1540(g)
34	13-16	National Cable & Telecomms. Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 982-983 (2005)
34	33-35	Quill Corp. v. North Dakota ex rel. Heitkamp, 504 U.S. 298, 320
35	4-5	Brand X, 545 U.S. at 981
35	6-7	Smiley, 517 U.S. at 742
35	11-12	Mead, 533 U.S. at 247
35	20	Ibid.
35	27-28	Kimble, 576 U.S. at 459
36	21-22	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2415
37	23-24	Bay Mills, 572 U.S. at 798
38	8-9	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2421
38	12-13	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842
38	16-17	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2416
38	22-24	Cuozzo Speed Techs., LLC v. Lee, 579 U.S. 261, 286 (2016)
38	31-33	City of Arlington, 569 U.S. at 299
39	4-6	Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 177 (1803)
39	10-11	Smiley, 517 U.S. at 741
39	17-19	Ronald M. Levin, Identifying Questions of Law in Administrative Law, 74 Geo. L.J. 1, 21 (1985)
39	23-25	5 U.S. (1 Cranch) at 170
39	27-29	NLRB v. Noel Canning, 573 U.S. 513, 550 (2014)
39	29-30	Negusie v. Holder, 555 U.S. 511, 516-517 (2009)
40	3-4	28 U.S.C. 2254(d)(1)
40	15-16	Gundy v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2116, 2123 (2019)
40	20-21	City of Arlington, 569 U.S. at 304 n.4
40	22	Ibid.
40	23-24	U.S. Const. Art. II, § 1, Cl. 1
40	23-24	Bowsher v. Synar, 478 U.S. 714, 733 (1986)
40	24-25	INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 953 n.16 (1983)
40	29-31	Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., Inc., 556 U.S. 868, 877 (2009)
41	1-2	5 U.S.C. 706(2)(E)
41	26-27	5 U.S.C. 706
41	31-32	5 U.S.C. 706
41	34-35	Administrative Procedure Act, ch. 324, § 10(e), 60 Stat. 243-244
42	6-7	5 U.S.C. 706
42	9-10	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2419
42	12-13	5 U.S.C. 706
42	15-16	City of Arlington, 569 U.S. at 317
42	19-22	John F. Manning, Chevron and the Reasonable Legislator, 128 Harv. L. Rev. 457, 459 (2014)
42	28-30	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2419-2420
42	32-34	Administrative Procedure Act: Legislative History, S. Doc. No. 248, 79th Cong., 2d Sess. 39 (1946)
43	1-2	S. Rep. No. 752, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. 38, 44 (1945)
43	9-11	Administrative Procedure in Government Agencies, S. Doc. No. 8, 77th Cong., 1st Sess. 78 (1941)
43	11	id. at 90-91
43	13-14	pp. 22-25, supra
43	17-18	Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2420
43	24-26	John Dickinson, Administrative Procedure Act: Scope and Grounds of Broadened Judicial Review, 33 A.B.A. J. 434, 516 (1947)
43	28-30	Ronald M. Levin, The APA and the Assault on Deference, 106 Minn. L. Rev. 125, 181 (2021)
44	13-14	5 U.S.C. 706(2)(F)
44	16-18	Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983)
45	11-12	Kimble, 576 U.S. at 464
45	20-21	467 U.S. at 843
45	26-27	City of Arlington, 569 U.S. at 306-307
45	27-28	Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843-844
46	7-8	16 U.S.C. 1853(b)(8)
46	8-9	16 U.S.C. 1802(31)
46	11-12	16 U.S.C. 1858(g)(1)(D)
46	16-19	Relentless, Inc. v. United States Dep't of Commerce, 62 F.4th 621, 633-634 (1st Cir. 2023)
47	5-6	Relentless, 62 F.4th at 631-633
47	9-10	Relentless, 62 F.4th at 629
47	14-15	Id. at 630
47	31-32	85 Fed. Reg. at 7422
48	11-12	143 S. Ct. 2429

# Citation Log: Moore v. Harper
Page	Line	Citation
------	------	----------
1	8-9	U.S. CONST. art. I, § 4, cl. 1
1	14	id.
1	24-25	Rucho v. Common Cause, 588 U.S. ---, 139 S. Ct. 2484, 2496 (2019)
3	22-24	JOURNAL OF DEBATES AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE CONVENTION OF DELEGATES, CHOSEN TO REVISE THE CONSTITUTION OF MASSACHUSETTS 60 (1821)
3	36	N.C. CONST. art. I, § 10
4	11	Rucho, 139 S. Ct. at 2500, 2507
6	3-4	Georgia v. Ashcroft, 539 U.S. 461, 488 n.2 (2003)
6	14	2021 N.C. Sess. Laws 174
9	11-12	2022 N.C. Sess. Laws 3
9	18-19	2022 N.C. Sess. Laws 3, § 2
9	22	2021 N.C. Sess. Laws 174, § 1
10	27-28	North Carolina League of Conservation Voters v. Hall, No. 21 CVS 015426 (N.C. Super. Ct. Feb. 21, 2022)
13	26-28	U.S. CONST. art. I, § 4, cl. 1
13	35-37	Democratic Nat'l Comm. v. Wisconsin State Legislature, 592 U.S. ---, 141 S. Ct. 28, 29 (2020) (Gorsuch, J., concurring in denial of application to vacate stay)
14	8-9	Hawke v. Smith, 253 U.S. 221, 227 (1920)
14	11	Id.
14	12-13	Legislature, NOAH WEBSTER, AMERICAN DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (1828)
14	15-17	Legislature, 2 SAMUEL JOHNSON, A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (1755)
14	17-19	Legislature, 2 THOMAS SHERIDAN, A COMPLETE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (4th ed. 1797)
14	19-22	Legislature, NATHAN BAILEY, AN UNIVERSAL ETYMOLOGICAL ENGLISH DICTIONARY (20th ed. 1763)
14	30	Smiley v. Holm, 285 U.S. 355, 373 (1932)
14	33-35	Manner, JOHNSON, DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, supra
15	5-7	An Act for the Election of Representatives, ch. II, 1788 Va. Acts 4
15	7-8	An Act Directing the Times Places and Manner of Electing Representatives, ch. 12, 1789 N.Y. Laws 12
15	12-13	Chiafalo v. Washington, 591 U.S. ---, 140 S. Ct. 2316, 2325 (2020)
15	18-20	1 MAX FARRAND, THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 20–22 (1911)
15	25-26	Id. at vol. 3, p. 597
15	33-34	Id. at vol. 2, p. 106
15	35-36	Id.
16	11-12	Id. at 179
16	18-19	William Ewald, The Committee of Detail, 28 CONST. COMMENT. 197, 206 (2012)
16	26-28	WILLIAM M. MEIGS, THE GROWTH OF THE CONSTITUTION IN THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 317 (facsimile page III) (2d ed. 1900)
16	32	Id.
16	32-34	2 FARRAND, supra, at 141
17	5-6	MEIGS, supra, at 317
17	12-13	2 FARRAND, supra, at 139
17	25-27	Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. (14 U.S.) 304, 338–39 (1816)
18	4-5	U.S. CONST. art. I, § 4, cl. 1
18	7-9	ANTONIN SCALIA & BRYAN A. GARNER, READING LAW 107–11 (2012)
18	15-16	INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 945, 951 (1983)
18	21-23	U.S. CONST. art. I, § 4, cl. 1
18	30-31	Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, 115 (2000) (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring)
19	4-6	U.S. CONST. art. I, § 8, cl. 16
19	9-11	id. art. I, § 2, cl. 4
19	11-13	id. art. V
19	13-15	id. art. VI, cl. 2
19	18-20	Id. art. IV, § 4
19	30-32	United States v. Sineneng-Smith, 590 U.S. ---, 140 S. Ct. 1575, 1584–85 (2020) (Thomas, J., concurring)
19	34-35	1 FARRAND, supra, at 48
20	3-6	Letters from The Federal Farmer No. 12, in 2 HERBERT J. STORING, THE COMPLETE ANTI-FEDERALIST 294, 301 (1981)
20	8-12	2 JONATHAN ELLIOT, THE DEBATES IN THE SEVERAL STATE CONVENTIONS ON THE ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 327 (1836)
20	17-18	THE FEDERALIST NO. 78, at 465 (Alexander Hamilton) (C. Rossiter ed., 1961)
20	20-22	1 FARRAND, supra, at 97–98
20	28-30	THE FEDERALIST NO. 59, at 362 (Alexander Hamilton) (C. Rossiter ed., 1961)
20	30-31	2 JOSEPH STORY, COMMENTARIES ON THE CONSTITUTION § 816 (1833)
20	36-38	THE FEDERALIST NO. 78, at 466 (Alexander Hamilton) (C. Rossiter ed., 1961)
21	6-8	Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch (5 U.S.) 137 (1803)
21	11-16	Vikram David Amar & Akhil Reed Amar, Eradicating Bush-League Arguments Root and Branch: The Article II Independent-State-Legislature Notion and Related Rubbish, 2021 SUP. CT. REV. 1, 19
21	20	Id. at 20
22	3-4	Republican Party of Pa. v. Boockvar, 592 U.S. ---, 141 S. Ct. 1, 2 (2020) (Statement of Alito, J.)
22	11-12	U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779, 805 (1995)
22	13	Cook v. Gralike, 531 U.S. 510, 522 (2001)
22	18	U.S. Term Limits, Inc., 514 U.S. at 804
22	18-19	2 STORY, COMMENTARIES, supra, at § 626
22	23-24	Bush, 531 U.S. at 534 (Rehnquist, J., concurring)
23	13	Leser v. Garnett, 258 U.S. 130, 137 (1922)
23	25-26	McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat (17 U.S.) 316, 426 (1819)
23	29-30	Amar & Amar, supra, at 21
23	35	McCulloch, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat) at 426
24	3-5	Bush, 531 U.S. at 534 (Rehnquist, J., concurring)
24	7-8	Id.
24	25	Smiley, 285 U.S. at 367–68
24	29-31	Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Indep. Redistricting Comm'n, 576 U.S. 787, 808 (2015)
24	34-35	Smiley, 285 U.S. at 367
25	14-16	Hayward H. Smith, Revisiting the History of the Independent State Legislature Doctrine, 53 ST. MARY'S L.J. 445, 491 (2022)
25	30-32	Moran v. Bowley, 179 N.E. 526, 531–32 (Ill. 1932)
25	35-36	State of Ohio ex rel. Davis v. Hildebrant, 241 U.S. 565 (1916)
25	36-37	State ex rel. Schrader v. Polley, 127 N.W. 848 (S.D. 1910)
25	37-39	Owensboro v. Hickman, 14 S.W. 688 (K.Y. 1890)
26	13-16	Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898, 907–08 (1997)
26	32-33	DEL. CONST. arts. III & IV (1776)
26	33	PA. CONST. § 17 (1776)
26	33-34	N.J. CONST. art. III (1776)
26	34	MD. CONST. arts. II, IV, V, & XIV (1776)
26	34-35	VA. CONST. (1776)
26	35	N.C. CONST. arts. II & III (1776)
26	35-36	GA. CONST. arts. IV & V (1777)
26	36	N.Y. CONST. arts. IV & XII (1777)
26	36-37	S.C. CONST. arts. XII & XIII (1778)
26	37-38	MA. CONST. pt. 2, ch.1, § 2, art. I & § 3, art. II (1780)
26	38	N.H. CONST. pt. II, Senate & House of Representatives (1784)
29	10-11	VA. CONST. art. III, § 6 (1830)
29	17-20	New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass'n, Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U.S. ---, 142 S. Ct. 2111, 2137 (2022)
29	33-34	Smith, supra, at 486 n.174
30	13-15	S.C. CONST. art. XIII (1778)
30	15-17	3 ELLIOT'S DEBATES, supra, at 366–67
30	23-24	Rucho, 139 S. Ct. at 2496
31	20-21	ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION art. V (1777)
31	22-23	id.
31	30-32	THE FEDERALIST No. 15, at 108 (C. Rossiter ed. 1961) (Alexander Hamilton)
32	21	DEL. CONST. art. XI (1776)
32	22-23	MD. CONST. art. XXVII (1776)
32	23	VA. CONST. Delegates (1776)
32	23	S.C. CONST. art. XXII (1778)
32	23-24	MA. CONST. pt. 2, ch. IV (1780)
32	25	N.H. CONST. pt. II, Delegates to Congress (1784)
32	27	N.Y. CONST. art. XXX (1777)
32	29	N.C. CONST. art. XXXVII (1776)
32	29	PA. CONST. § 11 (1776)
32	31	GA. CONST. art. XVI (1777)
32	37	GA. CONST. (1789)
32	37-38	PA. CONST. (1790)
32	38	S.C. CONST. (1790)
32	38	DEL. CONST. (1792)
32	38	N.Y. CONST. (1821)
32	38-39	VA. CONST. (1830)
32	42	KY. CONST. (1792)
32	43	VT. CONST. (1793)
32	43	TENN. CONST. (1796)
32	43	OHIO CONST.
33	27-28	LA. CONST. (1812)
33	28	IND. CONST. (1816)
33	28	MISS. CONST. (1817)
33	28-29	ILL. CONST. (1818)
33	29	ALA. CONST. (1819)
33	29	ME. CONST. (1820)
33	29-30	MO. CONST. (1820)
33	30	ARK. CONST. (1836)
33	30	MICH. CONST. (1835)
33	37-38	GA. CONST. amends. of 1795, art. II
33	38	LA. CONST. art. VI, § 13 (1812)
34	5	Id.
34	32	Id. at vol. 3, p. 287
34	36	Id. at 382
35	7	Id. at 537
35	18	Id. at 539
35	26	Id. at 542–51
36	6-7	DEL. CONST. art. VIII, § 2 (1792)
36	10-11	Id. art. IV, § 1
36	28-29	U.S. CONST. art. I, § 2, cl. 1
36	34-35	MD. CONST. art. XIV (1810)
37	5-6	MD. CONST. art. LIX (1776)
37	11-13	Bruen, 142 S. Ct. at 2155
38	3-4	JOURNAL OF DEBATES AND PROCEEDINGS, supra, at 61
38	14-15	Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. (14 U.S.) at 338–39
38	17-19	District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 632 (2008)
39	3-4	PA. CONST. art. III, § 2 (1790)
39	4	Smith, supra, at 488–89, 508
39	11-13	Barron v. City of Baltimore, 7 Pet. (32 U.S.) 243, 247 (1833)
39	13-14	State v. Williams, 49 Miss. 640, 681 (1873)
39	33-34	285 U.S. at 361–62
40	5	Id. at 368
40	10	Id. at 400
40	19-20	576 U.S at 808, 824, 841
40	21	id. at 827–29 (Roberts, C.J., dissenting)
40	27-28	id. at 808
41	5-6	U.S. CONST. art. II, § 1, cl. 2
41	7-10	McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1, 24 (1892)
41	14	id. at 35
41	17-18	id. (quoting S. Rep. No. 43-395 (1874))
41	18	S. Rep. No. 43-395 (1874)
41	19-21	Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board, 531 U.S. 70 (2000)
41	27	Id. at 73
41	35-36	Id. at 76
42	3-4	Id. (quoting McPherson, 146 U.S. at 25)
42	4	McPherson, 146 U.S. at 25
42	9	Id. at 78
42	20-22	531 U.S. at 112–13 (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring)
42	24-25	Id. at 115
42	33-35	State ex rel. Beeson v. Marsh, 34 N.W.2d 279, 246 (Neb. 1948)
42	35-36	Commonwealth ex rel. Dummit v. O'Connell, 181 S.W.2d 691, 694–96 (Ky. Ct. App. 1944)
42	36-37	Parsons v. Ryan, 60 P.2d 910, 912 (Kan. 1936)
43	3-4	In re Plurality Elections, 8 A. 881, 882 (R.I. 1887)
43	4-6	In re Opinions of Justices, 45 N.H. 595, 601 (1864)
43	6-7	In re Opinion of the Justices, 113 A. 293, 298–99 (N.H. 1921)
43	23-25	H.R. Rep. No. 39-13, at 3 (1866)
43	25-27	CONG. GLOBE, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. 845 (1866)
43	35-38	Michael T. Morley, The Independent State Legislature Doctrine, Federal Elections, and State Constitutions, 55 GA. L. REV. 1, 55–65 (2020)
44	7-10	THOMAS COOLEY, A TREATISE ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS 754 (6th ed. 1890)
44	27	N.C. CONST. art. II, § 1
44	32-33	Id. art. I, § 6
45	8-11	A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495, 529 (1935)
45	10-11	Adams v. North Carolina Dep't of Nat. & Econ. Res., 249 S.E.2d 402, 410 (N.C. 1978)
45	14-15	Smiley, 285 U.S. at 366
45	16-18	JOHN LOCKE, TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT 276 (4th ed. 1698)
45	21-23	Gundy v. United States, 588 U.S. ---, 139 S. Ct. 2116, 2123 (2019)
46	3-4	10 Wheat. (23 U.S.) 1, 42–43 (1825)
46	18-19	Rucho, 139 S. Ct. at 2500–01
46	38-40	Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 393, 394 (1989)
47	16-17	N.C. GEN. STAT. § 1-267.1(a)
47	24-25	id. §§ 120-2.3, 120-2.4(a1)
47	33-35	West Virginia v. EPA, 597 U.S. ---, 142 S. Ct. 2587, 2607–09 (2022)
48	11-12	Tafflin v. Levitt, 493 U.S. 455, 458–59 (1990)
48	29-30	N.C. CONST. art. II, §§ 3 & 5
48	32-33	1969 N.C. Sess. Laws 1483, ch. 1258, sec. 2
49	18-19	Smiley, 285 U.S. at 362
49	24-26	id. at 366
49	25-26	Rucho, 139 S. Ct. at 2500
50	15-16	U.S. CONST. art. I, § 4, cl. 1

# Citation Log — SFFA v. Harvard
Page	Line	Citation
------	------	----------
1	3-4	LULAC v. Perry, 548 U.S. 399, 511 (2006)
1	9-10	City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469, 521 (1989)
1	13-14	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 316
1	19-20	Price v. Civil Serv. Comm'n, 604 P.2d 1365, 1390 (Cal. 1980)
1	23-24	Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 559 (1896)
1	25-30	Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
1	28-30	Parents Involved in Cmty. Sch. v. Seattle Sch. Dist. No. 1, 551 U.S. 701, 747 (2007)
4	29-30	539 U.S. at 331
5	2-3	163 U.S. at 544-52
5	4-5	Id. at 559
5	6-9	Gong Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78, 86-87 (1927)
5	14-15	Berea Coll. v. Kentucky, 211 U.S. 45 (1908)
5	17-18	Gong Lum, 275 U.S. at 86-87
5	20-21	Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 305 U.S. 337 (1938)
5	21-22	Sipuel v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Okla., 332 U.S. 631 (1948)
5	23-24	Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950)
5	32-33	347 U.S. at 495
6	2	Id.
6	6-7	Id. at 490-92
6	9-10	id. at 494
6	13-14	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 746-47
6	16-17	Id. at 747
6	18-19	Bostock v. Clayton Cnty., 140 S.Ct. 1731, 1835 n.10 (2020)
6	27-28	416 U.S. 312, 319-20 (1974)
6	30-31	Id. at 350
7	5-6	438 U.S. 265, 275, 277-78 (1978)
7	9-10	Id. at 362-79
7	12-13	Id. at 412-21
7	17-18	Id. at 305-20
7	19-20	Id. at 321-24 & n.55
7	26-27	Id. at 271
7	33-34	Id. at 272
7	34-35	id. at 408-11 & n.2
8	5-6	Id.
8	8-9	id. at 270 n.**
8	9-11	Black v. Cutter Lab'ys, 351 U.S. 292, 297 (1956)
8	16-17	Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200, 221 (1995)
8	19-20	Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1996)
8	20-21	Johnson v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Ga., 263 F.3d 1234 (11th Cir. 2001)
8	21-22	Smith v. Univ. of Wash., 233 F.3d 1188 (9th Cir. 2000)
8	22-24	Grutter v. Bollinger, 288 F.3d 732 (6th Cir. 2002) (en banc)
8	27-28	Hopwood, 78 F.3d at 944-48
8	29-30	539 U.S. at 322
8	33-34	Id. at 325
9	2-3	Id.
9	3-4	Id. at 330
9	6-7	Id. at 330-32
9	10-11	Id. at 333
9	11-12	Id.
9	14-15	Id. at 328-29
9	17-18	Id. at 329
9	21-22	Id. at 333-34
9	23-28	Id. at 334-39
9	28-30	Id. at 339-43
9	32-33	Id. at 342-43
10	2	Id. at 343
10	4-5	Id. at 394
10	34-35	Id. at 270
10	35-36	Id. at 269-73
11	5-6	Id. at 295-98 (Souter, J., dissenting)
11	6-7	accord id. at 303-05 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting)
11	9-10	See id. at 298-302 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting)
11	10-11	id. at 282 (Breyer, J., concurring in judgment)
11	15-16	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 314-15
11	20-21	Id. at 311
11	21-22	Fisher v. Univ. of Tex. at Austin (Fisher II), 579 U.S. 365, 377 (2016)
11	25-26	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 314
11	31-32	Fisher II, 579 U.S. at 382-83
12	2-3	Id. at 382-85
12	9-10	Id. at 385-86
12	10-11	Id. at 386-87
12	14-15	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 311, 313
12	17-18	Fisher II, 579 U.S. at 377-79
12	22-23	Id. at 378-79
12	23-24	Id. at 379-80, 388
13	26-29	Karabel, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission & Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, & Princeton 172 (2005)
13	34-36	Bakke, 438 U.S. at 318 (op. of Powell, J.)
14	7-9	Dershowitz & Hanft, Affirmative Action & the Harvard College Diversity-Discretion Model: Paradigm or Pretext, 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 379, 385 (1979)
14	30-31	Fisher II, 579 U.S. at 410 n.4 (Alito, J., dissenting)
15	35-37	Bernstein, The Modern American Law of Race, 94 S. Cal. L. Rev. 171, 182 (2021)
17	35-36	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 718
25	22-23	Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886)
25	23-24	Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944)
47	19	Ramos v. Louisiana, 140 S.Ct. 1390, 1412 (2020) (Kavanaugh, J., concurring in part)
47	19-20	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 842-43 (Breyer, J., dissenting)
47	24-25	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 747 (plurality)
47	30-31	Plessy, 163 U.S. at 559 (Harlan, J., dissenting)
49	15-16	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 748 (plurality)
49	22-23	Franchise Tax Bd. of Cal. v. Hyatt, 139 S.Ct. 1485, 1499 (2019)
49	29-30	Ramos, 140 S.Ct. at 1411 (Kavanaugh, J., concurring in part)
49	33-34	Knick v. Twp. of Scott, 139 S.Ct. 2162, 2177 (2019)
50	3-4	Hyatt, 139 S.Ct. at 1499
50	13-14	Ramos, 140 S.Ct. at 1414-15 (Kavanaugh, J., concurring in part)
50	22-23	539 U.S. at 325-26
50	28-29	Ramos, 140 S.Ct. at 1405
50	34	2 Cong. Rec. 4083 (1874)
51	4-5	Decl. of Indep., 1 Stat. 1 (July 4, 1776)
51	6-7	Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857)
51	6-7	Plessy, 163 U.S. 537
51	10-11	163 U.S. at 559
51	14-15	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 747 (plurality)
51	18-19	Knick, 139 S.Ct. at 2178
51	26-27	Palmore v. Sidoti, 466 U.S. 429, 433-34 (1984)
51	28-29	Shaw v. Hunt, 517 U.S. 899, 909-10 (1996)
51	29-31	Wygant v. Jackson Bd. of Educ., 476 U.S. 267, 274-76 (1986) (plurality)
51	33-34	539 U.S. at 330
52	2-3	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 320-30 (Thomas, J., concurring)
52	11-12	539 U.S. at 333
52	11-12	Hopwood, 78 F.3d at 946
52	14-16	Metro Broad., Inc. v. FCC, 497 U.S. 547, 602 (1990) (O'Connor, J., dissenting)
52	15-17	Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952, 985-86 (1996) (op. of O'Connor, J.)
52	21-23	Miller v. Johnson, 515 U.S. 900, 914 (1995)
52	26-28	Schuette v. BAMN, 572 U.S. 291, 308 (2014) (op. of Kennedy, J.)
53	9-10	539 U.S. at 333
53	16-17	Id.
53	19-20	Id. at 319-20, 330
53	23-24	Id. at 347 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
53	33-34	Id. at 330 (majority)
54	3-5	Blumstein, Grutter and Fisher: A Reassessment and a Preview, 65 Vand. L. Rev. En Banc 57, 66 (2012)
54	5-6	Fisher II, 579 U.S. at 419 (Alito, J., dissenting)
54	12-13	Adarand, 515 U.S. at 229
54	27-28	539 U.S. at 343
54	32-33	Id. at 333
54	34-35	Hopwood, 78 F.3d at 945
55	4-5	288 F.3d at 804-05 (Boggs, J., dissenting)
55	15-17	Grutter, 539 U.S. at 364-65 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
55	25-26	Id. at 333 (majority)
55	27-28	Metro Broad., 497 U.S. at 632 (Kennedy, J., dissenting)
55	30-31	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 320-30 (Thomas, J., concurring)
55	34-35	Johnson v. California, 543 U.S. 499, 506 n.1 (2005)
56	2	539 U.S. at 324
56	4-5	Hopwood, 78 F.3d at 943 n.25
56	5-7	Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc. v. Democratic Nat. Comm., 412 U.S. 94, 139 (1973) (Stewart, J., concurring)
56	9-11	Bob Jones Univ. v. United States, 461 U.S. 574, 603-04 (1983)
56	11-12	Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173, 192-93 (1991)
56	14-16	Janus v. AFSCME, 138 S.Ct. 2448, 2481 n.25 (2018)
56	18-19	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 734-35
56	21-22	Fisher II, 579 U.S. at 384-85
56	23-24	Id. at 387
56	25-26	Id. at 385
56	28-29	Id. at 386
56	34-36	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 789 (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment)
57	4-5	Id.
57	5-7	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 312
57	11-12	Pers. Adm'r of Mass. v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279 (1979)
57	19-22	Hunter v. Underwood, 471 U.S. 222, 228 (1985)
57	25-26	Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 576 (2003)
57	27-28	Ramos, 140 S.Ct. at 1405
57	29-30	Id.
57	34-35	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 722-25
58	2-3	Schuette, 572 U.S. at 300-14 (op. of Kennedy, J.)
58	4-6	Fisher II, 579 U.S. at 377
58	5-6	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 312-14
58	9-11	Fisher II, 579 U.S. at 377, 379
58	14-15	539 U.S. at 335-39
58	17-18	Bakke, 438 U.S. at 323-24
58	28-30	Grutter, 539 U.S. at 333
58	34-35	Id. at 342-43
59	8-9	Id. at 339
59	13-14	Janus, 138 S.Ct. at 2482
59	16-17	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 336-37 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting)
59	17-18	Schuette, 572 U.S. at 373-74 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting)
59	18-19	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 836-37 (Breyer, J., dissenting)
59	22-24	Bollinger, A Comment on Grutter and Gratz v. Bollinger, 103 Colum. L. Rev. 1589, 1590-91 (2003)
59	26-27	Id.
60	9-11	Fitzpatrick, The Diversity Lie, 27 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 385, 395-96 (2003)
60	11-13	Schuck, Affirmative Action: Past, Present, and Future, 20 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 1, 34-36 (2002)
60	13-14	Levinson, Diversity, 2 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 573, 601 (2000)
60	12	See id.
60	19-20	Knick, 139 S.Ct. at 2178
60	22-23	Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310, 384-85 (2010) (Roberts, C.J., concurring)
60	28-29	Knick, 139 S.Ct. at 2178
60	32-33	Croson, 488 U.S. at 518-19 (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment)
61	3-4	Id. at 519
61	6-7	Id.
61	12-13	Gratz, 539 U.S. at 304-05
61	17-18	539 U.S. at 329-30
61	20-21	Id. at 337-39
62	4-5	539 U.S. at 348 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
62	14-15	Fisher II, 539 U.S. at 380
62	24-25	Ramos, 140 S.Ct. at 1415 (Kavanaugh, J., concurring in part)
64	6-7	Id. at 174-76
64	12-14	Ramos, 140 S.Ct. at 1417 (Kavanaugh, J., concurring in part)
64	23-25	Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630, 643 (1993)
64	24-25	Adarand, 515 U.S. at 227-29
64	24-25	Schuette, 572 U.S. at 308 (op. of Kennedy, J.)
65	8-9	539 U.S. at 330
65	32-33	Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649, 664-65 (1944)
65	33-34	Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 95-96 (1986)
65	35-37	Trump v. Hawaii, 138 S.Ct. 2392, 2423 (2018) (overruling Korematsu)
66	5-6	347 U.S. at 495
66	6-7	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 321-22 (Thomas, J., concurring)
66	14-15	Ramos, 140 S.Ct. at 1408 (plurality)
66	18-19	Adarand, 515 U.S. at 235 (op. of O'Connor, J.)
66	25-26	Montejo v. Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778, 792-93 (2009)
67	2-3	Schuette, 572 U.S. at 298-99 (op. of Kennedy, J.)
67	18-20	Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 828-30 (1991)
67	25-26	Citizens United, 558 U.S. at 376-77 (Roberts, C.J., concurring)
67	29-31	Brown, 347 U.S. at 491-92
67	30-31	Id. at 377
68	2-3	539 U.S. at 394 (Kennedy, J., dissenting)
68	5-6	Id. at 343 (majority)
68	5-7	id. at 350-51 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
68	12-13	Id. at 342 (majority)
68	13-14	Croson, 488 U.S. at 510
68	16-17	Id. at 343
69	9	539 U.S. at 343
69	12-14	id. at 376-77 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
69	19-20	Janus, 138 S.Ct. at 2485 n.27
69	20-21	Id.
69	24-25	Id.
69	31-33	42 U.S.C. §2000e-2
69	31-33	42 U.S.C. §3604
69	31-33	42 U.S.C. §§1981-82
69	31-33	15 U.S.C. §1691 et seq.
69	33-34	Batson, 476 U.S. at 100
69	33-35	Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado, 137 S.Ct. 855, 868 (2017)
71	11	42 U.S.C. §2000d
71	15-16	Bob Jones Univ., 461 U.S. at 592
71	21	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 748 (plurality)
72	7-8	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 314-15
72	20	539 U.S. at 341
72	21-22	Id. at 375 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
72	23-24	Id. at 334 (majority)
72	27	Fisher II, 579 U.S. at 380
72	28-29	Schuette, 572 U.S. at 308 (op. of Kennedy, J.)
74	20-22	Heller v. Doe ex rel. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 320 (1993)
74	24-26	Fisher, 570 U.S. at 310
74	24-26	United States v. Playboy Ent. Grp., Inc., 529 U.S. 803, 817-18 (2000)
74	27-28	Adarand, 515 U.S. at 226
74	29-30	Playboy, 529 U.S. at 818
74	32	Id. at 819
74	35-36	Republican Party of Minn. v. White, 536 U.S. 765, 781 (2002)
75	7-8	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 313
75	9-10	Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. 482, 498 n.19 (1977)
75	12-13	Id. at 497
75	19	Ramos, 140 S.Ct. at 1401
75	24	Id. at 1410 (Sotomayor, J., concurring)
75	29-31	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 311
75	31-32	Grutter, 539 U.S. at 329
75	35-36	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 733
76	2-3	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 314-15
76	7-8	Grutter, 539 U.S. at 336
76	8-9	Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 729 (plurality)
76	16	See 539 U.S. at 336
76	22-23	Bakke, 438 U.S. at 319 n.53 (op. of Powell, J.)
77	17	539 U.S. at 336
77	25-26	see Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 726-27 (plurality)
78	2-3	Grutter, 539 U.S. at 337
78	3-4	Id. at 342
78	8	Id.
78	15-16	Hassan v. N.Y.C., 804 F.3d 277, 302 n.14 (3d Cir. 2015)
79	9-11	Bakke, 438 U.S. at 317 (op. of Powell, J.)
79	17-18	Fisher II, 579 U.S. at 384-85
79	22-23	Fisher II, 579 U.S. at 427-28 (Alito, J., dissenting)
79	23	Grutter, 539 U.S. at 320
79	26-27	Fisher II, 575 U.S. at 375
80	22-23	Fisher II, 579 U.S. at 381
80	30-31	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 312
80	31-32	Id.
80	34-36	Id.
81	24-25	Allen v. Cnty. Sch. Bd. of Prince Edward Cnty., 249 F.2d 462, 465 (4th Cir. 1957)
81	27-30	Washington v. Lee, 263 F. Supp. 327, 331 (M.D. Ala. 1966)
81	30-31	aff'd, 390 U.S. 333 (1968)
82	3	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 312
82	13-14	Grutter, 539 U.S. at 340
82	13-14	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 312
82	17-18	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 311-12
83	14-15	Fisher I, 570 U.S. at 312
86	11-12	U.S.-Grutter-Br. 10-21, 2003 WL 176635
87	3-4	Adarand, 515 U.S. at 239 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment)

# Citation Extraction: TX 5th District Brief
Pages processed: i, vii, viii, ix, 1–27, 36, 41–50
Page	Line	Citation
------	------	----------
vii	11	PM Mgmt.-Trinity NC, LLC v. Kumets, 404 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2013)
vii	15-16	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.351
ix	2-3	PM Mgmt.-Trinity NC, LLC v. Kumets, 404 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2013)
2	11-12	PM Mgmt.-Trinity NC, LLC v. Kumets, 404 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2013)
2	16	Kumets, 404 S.W.3d at 550
2	19	Id.
2	22	Id.
3	12-13	Texas Health and Safety Code § 260A.014
4	4-5	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.351
5	2	PM Mgmt.-Trinity NC, LLC v. Kumets, 404 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2013)
6	3-4	PM Mgmt.-Trinity NC, LLC v. Kumets, 404 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2013)
6	27	Texas West Oaks Hosp., LP v. Williams, 371 S.W.3d 171, 177 (Tex. 2012)
6	28	Marks v. St. Luke's Episcopal Hosp., 319 S.W.3d 658, 662 (Tex. 2010)
7	6	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(10) (Vernon 2015)
7	9-10	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(12)(A)(vii) (Vernon 2015)
7	11-12	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(11)(B) (Vernon 2015)
7	17-18	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc. v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 855 (Tex. 2005)
7	18-19	Texas West Oaks Hosp., LP v. Williams, 371 S.W.3d 171, 176 (Tex. 2012)
8	10	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(13) (Vernon 2015)
8	14-15	Diversicare, 185 S.W.3d at 848
8	21-22	Marks v. St. Luke's Episcopal Hosp., 319 S.W.3d 658, 664 (Tex. 2010)
8	22-23	Omaha Healthcare Ctr., LLC v. Johnson, 344 S.W.3d 392, 394 (Tex. 2011)
9	2	Marks; 319 S.W.3d at 663
9	2-3	Omaha, 344 S.W.3d at 394
9	3-4	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc. v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 854 (Tex. 2005)
9	9	Diversicare, 185 S.W.3d at 851
9	12	Id.
9	12-13	Texas West Oaks Hosp., LP v. Williams, 371 S.W.3d 171, 176 (Tex. 2012)
9	18-19	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc. v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 848 (Tex. 2005)
10	10	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc. v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 845 (Tex. 2005)
10	14	Id. at 849
10	16-17	Id. at 850
10	20	Id.
11	3	Id. at 850
11	5	Id. at 854
11	8	Marks v. St. Luke's Episcopal Hosp., 319 S.W.3d 658, 659 (Tex. 2010)
11	12	Id. at 664
11	16	Id.
11	18	Id.
12	3-4	Omaha Healthcare Center, LLC v. Johnson, 344 S.W.3d 392, 393 (Tex. 2011)
12	8	Id. at 394
12	13-14	Omaha, 344 S.W.3d at 395
12	14-15	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(10) (Vernon 2012)
12	16	Id.
12	19	Walden v. Jeffery, 907 S.W.2d 446, 447 (Tex. 1995)
12	22	Id.
13	3	Id. at 448
13	14	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a) (Vernon 2015)
13	26	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(b) (Vernon 2015)
14	1	PM Mgmt.-Trinity NC, LLC v. Kumets, 404 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2013)
14	5	PM Mgmt.-Trinity NC, LLC v. Kumets, 404 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2013)
14	10	Id. at 550-51
14	12	Id. at 551
14	13	Id.
14	15	Id.
14	17-18	section 260A.015 of the Texas Health and Safety Code
14	20	Id.
15	2	Id.
15	4	Id. at 552
15	6	Id.
15	11	Id.
15	13	Id.
16	5-6	PM Mgmt.-Trinity NC, LLC v. Kumets, 404 S.W.3d 550, 551 (Tex. 2013)
16	13-14	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc. v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 855 (Tex. 2005)
16	18-19	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(13) (Vernon 2015)
16	19	id. § 74.001(a)(10), (24)
17	5	Id. § 74.001(a)(13)
17	15	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.351
19	29	TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.000, et seq.
19	29-30	PM Management-Trinity NC v. Kumets, 2013 Tex. LEXIS 514 *5-6, 56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 816 (Tex. 2013)
20	4	TEX. R. EVID. 201
20	7	TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351
20	9	Kumets, 2013 Tex. LEXIS at *5-6
20	11	Id.
20	11-12	Lopez v. Osuna, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 12777 *16
20	25-26	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc. v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 848 (Tex. 2005)
20	26-27	Parker v. Simmons, 248 S.W.3d 860, 863-865 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2008, no pet.)
21	1-2	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc., 185 S.W.3d at 849-50
21	2	TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §74.001(a)(13)(J)
21	5	TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §74.001(a)(10), (a)(13), and (a)(24)
21	6	TEXAS HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE §260A.014
21	14	TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351
21	24	TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351(a)
21	25	TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351
22	6	TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351(b)
22	11-12	TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351(b)
22	21	TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351
25	31	TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351
26	24-25	Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 313-14 (Tex. 2006)
36	15	TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE § 74.351
36	17-18	Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §74.351
41	52-53	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a)
41	63	id. § 74.351(c)
41	66-67	id. § 74.351(b)
41	67-68	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(b) (West 2011)
41	69	id. § 51.014(a)(9) (West 2008)
42	24-25	Bowie Mem'l Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002)
42	32-34	Drewery v. Adventist Health Sys./Tex., Inc., 344 S.W.3d 498, 501-02 (Tex.App.-Austin 2011, pet. filed)
42	34-35	Marks v. St. Luke's Episcopal Hosp., 319 S.W.3d 658, 663 (Tex. 2010)
42	74-75	Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 242.1335(b) (West 2010)
43	2	Texas Health and Safety Code Section 242.1335(b)(5)
43	5-6	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a)
43	18	Id. § 74.001(a)(13) (West Supp. 2011)
43	21	Marks, 319 S.W.3d at 665
43	21	Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 242.1335(b)(3)
43	22-23	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc. v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 847 (Tex. 2005)
43	36-38	id. at 662
43	56-57	Victoria Gardens v. Walrath, 257 S.W.3d 284, 288 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2007, pet. denied)
43	61	Id.
43	70-71	State v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006)
43	74-75	Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83, 85 (Tex. 2006)
43	80-82	Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. 2009)
44	1-2	Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 284
44	2-3	Alex Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs. v. Johnson, 209 S.W.3d 644, 651-52 (Tex. 2006)
44	2-3	Act of May 30, 1977, 65th Leg., R.S., ch. 817, 1977 Tex. Gen. Laws 2039
44	4-5	State v. Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d 322, 327 (Tex. 2002)
44	4	Tex.Rev.Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 4590i
44	9	Entergy Gulf States, Inc., 282 S.W.3d at 437
44	11	Id.
44	11-12	In re Estate of Nash, 220 S.W.3d 914, 917 (Tex. 2007)
44	12	Id. § 1.02(a)(5)-(6)
44	15-17	Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, §§ 10.01, 10.09, 10.11, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 864-82, 884-85
44	20	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(b)
44	22-23	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.301
44	23	Black's Law Dictionary 856 (9th ed. 2009)
44	31-33	Webster's Third New Int'l Dictionary 1164 (2002)
44	38-39	Aviles v. Aguirre, 292 S.W.3d 648, 649 (Tex. 2009)
44	45	id. § 1.02(b)(3)
44	58	Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.023 (West 2005)
44	59	id. § 312.005 (West 2005)
44	61-63	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 41.001 (West 2008)
45	7	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(20)
45	17	Id. § 74.451 (West 2011)
45	23-24	id. § 171.001, .002(a)(3), .002(c)(1) (West 2011)
45	28-29	City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625-26 (Tex. 2008)
45	29	Id.
45	32-33	Id. § 170.002(c)(2)
45	33-34	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(2)
45	46	257 S.W.3d at 288-89
46	18	In re Jorden, 249 S.W.3d 416, 421 (Tex. 2008)
46	19-20	A.H. Belo Corp. v. Blanton, 133 Tex. 391, 129 S.W.2d 619, 621 (1939)
46	20-21	Black's Law Dictionary 235 (8th ed. 2004)
46	22	Id.
46	27	Id. at 286
46	30-31	Yamada v. Friend, 335 S.W.3d 192, 196-97 (Tex. 2010)
46	32	Id. at 289
46	33	Id.
46	37	Id.
46	37	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc., 185 S.W.3d at 848
46	45-46	Id. at 851-52
46	46	Drewery, 344 S.W.3d at 502
47	49-50	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a) (West 2011)
47	54	Yamada, 335 S.W.3d at 192-94
47	59	Id. § 74.001(a)(13)
48	1-2	Cardwell v. McDonald, 356 S.W.3d 646, 653 (Tex.App.-Austin 2011, no pet.)
48	1-2	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc., 185 S.W.3d at 851
48	2-3	Marks v. St. Luke's Episcopal Hosp., 319 S.W.3d 658, 662 (Tex. 2010)
48	4-6	Tex.Rev.Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 4509i, repealed by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 10.09, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 884
48	7-8	Drewery v. Adventist Health Sys./Tex., Inc., 344 S.W.3d 498, 501 (Tex.App.-Austin 2011, pet. filed)
48	9	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(a)(13)
48	9	Yamada, 335 S.W.3d at 196-98
48	10-11	Turtle Healthcare Grp., L.L.C. v. Linan, 337 S.W.3d 865, 868-69 (Tex. 2011)
48	16	id. § 74.001(a)(13)
48	16-17	Yamada, 335 S.W.3d at 197-98
48	17-18	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc., 185 S.W.3d at 854
48	22-23	Cardwell, 356 S.W.3d at 654
48	23-24	In re Jorden, 249 S.W.3d 416, 421 (Tex. 2008)
48	24-26	A.H. Belo Corp. v. Blanton, 133 Tex. 391, 129 S.W.2d 619, 621 (1939)
48	26	Black's Law Dictionary 235 (8th ed. 2004)
48	26-27	supra at 723
48	26-27	Yamada, 335 S.W.3d at 192-94
48	27-29	Certified EMS, Inc. v. Potts, 355 S.W.3d 683, 691 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. granted)
48	40	Cardwell, 356 S.W.3d at 654
48	40-41	Certified EMS, Inc., 355 S.W.3d at 691-92
48	50-51	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(13)
48	51	In re Jorden, 249 S.W.3d at 421-22
48	70-72	Yamada v. Friend, 335 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. 2010)
48	72-74	Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc. v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 847 (Tex. 2005)
48	75-76	Yamada, 335 S.W.3d at 196-97
48	77	Yamada, 335 S.W.3d at 196
49	1	supra at 719
49	11-12	Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(13)
49	15	id. at 193
49	20	id. at 193-94
49	26-27	Act of June 28, 2011, 82d Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 7, § 1.05(m), 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 5390, 5407
49	27	Id. at 193
49	34-36	id. § 1.05(p), 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 5390, 5407
49	38-40	id. at 195-96
49	49-51	id. at 193-94
49	50-52	Wortham v. Walker, 133 Tex. 255, 128 S.W.2d 1138, 1150 (1939)
49	57-58	Travelers' Insurance Co. v. Marshall, 124 Tex. 45, 76 S.W.2d 1007, 1012 (1934)
49	72-73	supra at 721
50	15-16	Cardwell v. McDonald, 356 S.W.3d 646, 648 (Tex.App.-Austin 2011, no pet.)
50	17-18	Omaha Healthcare Ctr., LLC v. Johnson, 344 S.W.3d 392 (Tex. 2011)
50	18-19	Harris Methodist Fort Worth v. Ollie, 342 S.W.3d 525 (Tex. 2011)
50	24-25	TTHR, L.P. v. Coffman, 338 S.W.3d 103, 110 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2011, no pet.)
50	27-28	Victoria Gardens v. Walrath, 257 S.W.3d 284, 288 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2008, pet. denied)

# Citations to Legal Authority — Ysleta del Sur Pueblo v. Texas (Opposition Brief)
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i	15-16	25 U.S.C. §§ 2701-21
i	19-21	Ysleta del Sur Pueblo v. Texas, 36 F.3d 1325 (5th Cir. 1994)
i	20-21	cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1016 (1995)
1	7-8	Pub. L. No. 100-89, 101 Stat. 666, 25 U.S.C. § 731, et seq.
1	24-25	Ysleta I, 36 F.3d 1325
1	26	514 U.S. 1015
1	27-28	Texas v. Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Tex., 918 F.3d 440 (5th Cir. 2019)
1	28-29	cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 855 (2020)
1	29-30	Ysleta del Sur Pueblo v. Texas, 565 U.S. 1114 (2012) (mem.)
1	30-31	Ysleta del Sur Pueblo of Tex. v. Texas, 540 U.S. 985 (2003) (mem.)
1	31-32	Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Tex. v. Texas, 540 U.S. 882 (2003) (mem.)
1	32-33	Ysleta del Sur Pueblo v. Texas, 537 U.S. 815 (2002) (mem.)
2	9-10	Texas v. del Sur Pueblo, 220 F. Supp. 2d 668, 690 (W.D. Tex. 2001)
2	13-15	Texas v. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, No. EP-99-CV-320-KC, 2016 WL 3039991, at *19 (W.D. Tex. May 27, 2016)
2	25	Ysleta II, 220 F. Supp. 2d at 676
2	30-31	Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. JM-17 (1983)
2	33-34	Ysleta del Sur Pueblo v. Texas, 532 U.S. 1066 (2001) (mem.)
3	2	Ysleta II, 220 F. Supp. 2d at 676
3	4	Id.
3	4-6	Pub. L. No. 90-287, 82 Stat. 93 (1968)
3	11	Pub. L. No. 100-89
3	25	Ysleta II, 220 F. Supp. 2d at 677
4	11-13	Texas v. Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Tex., 918 F.3d 440, 443 n.3 (5th Cir. 2019)
4	12-13	cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 855 (2020)
4	29	Pub. L. No. 100-89, § 107(a)
4	32	Id. § 107(b)
4	35	Id. § 107(c)
5	22-23	25 U.S.C. § 2701(3)
5	25-26	Id. § 2701(5)
5	31	Id. § 2703(6)
5	33-34	Id. § 2703(7)(A)
6	2-3	Id. § 2710(b)
6	6-7	Id. §§ 2703(7)(B), 2703(8)
6	9	Id. § 2710(d)
6	18-21	Texas v. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 431 F. App'x 326, 331 (5th Cir. 2011) (per curiam)
6	21-22	cert. denied, 565 U.S. 1114 (2012)
6	25-26	Ysleta I, 36 F.3d at 1335
6	32-33	Id.
7	2-3	Id. at 1334-35
7	9-11	Ysleta II, 220 F. Supp. 2d at 690
7	14-15	Id. at 689
7	16	Id.
7	19-21	Texas v. del Sur Pueblo, 31 F. App'x 835 (5th Cir. 2002)
7	20-21	cert. denied, 537 U.S. 815 (2002)
8	7-8	Alabama-Coushatta, 918 F.3d at 449
8	21-22	California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, 480 U.S. 202 (1987)
8	35-36	McGirt v. Oklahoma, 140 S. Ct. 2452, 2468-69 (2020)
9	2-3	Solem v. Bartlett, 465 U.S. 463, 470 (1984)
10	10-11	Ysleta I, 36 F.3d 1325
10	18-19	Id. at 1334, 1335 & n.21
10	25-26	Ysleta I, 36 F.3d at 1334
10	33-34	Pub. L. 100-89, § 107(a)
11	3	Id.
11	6	Id.
11	25-26	Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 568 U.S. 519, 530-31 (2013)
11	27-29	Liu v. SEC, 140 S. Ct. 1936, 1948 (2020)
11	28-29	Parker Drilling Mgmt. Servs., Ltd. v. Newton, 139 S. Ct. 1881, 1890 (2019)
11	35-37	King v. Burwell, 576 U.S. 473, 492-93 (2015)
12	1-3	N.Y. Dep't of Soc. Servs. v. Dublino, 413 U.S. 405, 419-20 (1973)
12	10-11	Pub. L. 100-89, §§ 103(a), 203(a)
12	13-15	Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians, 526 U.S. 172, 202 (1999)
12	15-16	Pub. L. No. 100-89, § 103(a)
12	16-17	Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Maine, 75 F.3d 784, 789 (1st Cir. 1996)
12	24-25	Alabama-Coushatta, 918 F.3d at 442
12	28-30	California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, 480 U.S. 202 (1987)
12	32-33	Cabazon Band, 480 U.S. at 214-21
13	18-21	Openness Promotes Effectiveness in our National Government Act of 2007, Pub. L. No. 110-175, 121 Stat. 2524, 5 U.S.C. § 552 (2007)
13	22-24	Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. W.V. Dep't of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598 (2001)
13	29-30	133 Cong. Rec. H6972-05, 1987 WL 943894 (Aug. 3, 1987)
14	4-6	ANTONIN SCALIA & BRYAN A. GARNER, READING LAW: THE INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL TEXTS 377 (2012)
14	9-10	Ysleta I, 36 F.3d at 1334
14	17-19	Pub. L. No. 83-280, § 2, 18 U.S.C. § 1162
14	19	id. § 4, 28 U.S.C. § 1362
14	25-26	Cabazon Band, 480 U.S. at 210-11
14	30-31	Cabazon Band, 480 U.S. at 208
14	34-35	426 U.S. 373, 389 (1976)
14	35	Id.
15	4	Id. at 383, 389
15	7-8	480 U.S. at 211-12
15	16-18	Cabazon Band, 480 U.S. at 214
15	24	McGirt, 140 S. Ct. at 2479
15	29	Rice v. Rehner, 463 U.S. 713, 732 (1983)
15	33-35	United States v. Stewart, 205 F.3d 840, 843 (5th Cir. 2000)
16	4-5	United States v. Dakota, 796 F.2d 186, 188 (6th Cir. 1986)
16	5-6	United States v. Hagen, 951 F.2d 261, 264 (10th Cir. 1991)
16	13	Pub. L. No. 100-89, § 107(b)
16	15	Id. § 107(a)
16	19	Id.
16	22-23	Cabazon Band, 480 U.S. at 214
16	23-25	United States v. Wheeler, 435 U.S. 313, 323 (1978)
16	29-30	White Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker, 448 U.S. 136, 143 (1980)
16	31-32	Montana v. Blackfeet Tribe of Indians, 471 U.S. 759, 766 (1985)
17	1-2	Alabama-Coushatta, 918 F.3d at 447-48
17	2-4	Nat'l Cable & Telecomm. Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967 (2005)
17	8-10	Chickasaw Nation v. United States, 534 U.S. 84, 94 (2001)
17	11-12	DeCoteau v. Dist. Cty. Ct. for Tenth Judicial Dist., 420 U.S. 425, 447 (1975)
17	31-32	Ysleta II, 220 F. Supp. 2d at 698-99
17	34-35	Id. at 699
18	4	Id.
18	6	Id. at 701
18	14-15	Ysleta III, 2016 WL 3039991, at *25-26
18	15-17	Texas v. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, No. EP-99-CV-320-KC, 2015 WL 1003879 (W.D. Tex. Mar. 6, 2015)
18	17-18	Texas v. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, No. EP-99-CA-320-H, 2009 WL 10679428, at *4 (W.D. Tex. Aug. 3, 2009)
18	25-26	Ysleta III, 2016 WL 3039991, at *2-5
18	26-27	id. at *19
18	34-35	Id. at *19-21
19	23	36 F.3d at 1332
19	28-29	Kimble v. Marvel Entm't, LLC, 576 U.S. 446, 456 (2015)
19	29-32	Matthew R. Christiansen & William N. Eskridge, Jr., Congressional Overrides of Supreme Court Statutory Interpretation Decisions, 1967-2011, 92 TEX. L. REV. 1317, 1480-1514 (2014)
20	12-13	H.R. Res. 759, 116th Cong., 1st Sess. (Jan. 24, 2019)
20	20-22	Cent. Bank of Denver, N.A. v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, N.A., 511 U.S. 164, 187 (1994)
20	25-27	United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc., 474 U.S. 121, 137 (1985)
20	28	Id.
20	29-30	Bob Jones Univ. v. United States, 461 U.S. 574, 599-601 (1983)
20	30-32	Indian Gaming: Hearing before the S. Comm. on Indian Affairs, 111th Cong. 40 (July 2010)
20	32-35	Oversight Hearing on Implementation of the Texas Restoration Act before the S. Comm. on Indian Affairs, 107th Cong. 7 (June 2002)
21	2-3	United States v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544, 554 & n.10 (1979)
21	7-8	Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Cmty., 572 U.S. 782, 803 (2014)
21	12	Id.
21	12-13	McGirt, 140 S. Ct. at 2462
22	18-19	Ret. Plans Comm. of IBM v. Jander, 140 S. Ct. 592, 595 (2020) (per curiam)
22	19-21	Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 718, n. 7 (2005)
22	25	480 U.S. at 209
22	26-27	TEX. PENAL CODE § 47.01
22	27	id. § 47.02
22	28	id. § 47.03(a)(1), (5)
22	29	id. § 47.04(a)
22	30	id. § 47.06(a), (c)
22	32-33	TEX. CONST. art. III, § 47
23	3-4	TEX. PENAL CODE ch. 47
23	7-8	Id. §§ 47.09(a)(1)(A), 47.02(c)(1)
23	10-11	Barker v. Texas, 12 Tex. 273, 276 (1854)
23	11-12	City of Fort Worth v. Rylie, 602 S.W.3d 459, 460-61 (Tex. 2020)
23	12-14	Greater New Orleans Broad. Ass'n v. United States, 527 U.S. 173, 181 (1999)
23	18-20	480 U.S. at 210
23	19-21	Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Butterworth, 658 F.2d 310, 316 (5th Cir. 1981)
24	14-15	25 U.S.C. § 2703(7)(B)
24	17-20	United States v. Santee Sioux Tribe of Neb., 135 F.3d 558, 564 (8th Cir. 1998)
24	21-22	Carnival Leisure Indus., Ltd. v. Aubin, 938 F.2d 624, 625-26 n.3 (5th Cir. 1991)
24	22-23	United States v. Cook, 922 F.2d 1026, 1035 (2d Cir. 1991)
24	33-34	Sup. Ct. R. 10
25	3-4	STEPHEN M. SHAPIRO, ET AL., SUPREME COURT PRACTICE § 4.17 (10th ed. 2013)
25	14-16	Petition for Writ of Certiorari at 21-24, Alabama-Coushatta, 140 S. Ct. 855 (No. 19-403), 2019 WL 4689142 (Sept. 23, 2019)
25	30-32	Kirsten Matoy Carlson, Congress, Tribal Recognition, and Legislative-Administrative Multiplicity, 91 IND. L.J. 955, 981 (2016)
25	32-35	U.S. Gov't Accountability Office, GAO-02-49, Indian Issues: Improvements Needed in Tribal Recognition Process 25-26 (2001)
26	6-7	Carlson, supra, at 988 & n.137
26	30-31	Mille Lacs Band, 526 U.S. at 202
26	31-32	McGirt, 140 S. Ct. at 2462
27	2	Bay Mills, 572 U.S. at 788
27	5	Id. at 803
27	8	Id. at 800
27	9-10	Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898, 918-19 (1997)
27	13-15	New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144, 181 (1992)
27	15-16	Maryland v. King, 567 U.S. 1301, 1303 (2012)
27	19-20	New Motor Vehicle Bd. of Cal. v. Orrin W. Fox Co., 434 U.S. 1345, 1351 (1977)
27	33-34	Bay Mills, 572 U.S. at 801
27	34-35	Kiowa Tribe of Okla. v. Mfg. Techs., Inc., 523 U.S. 751, 759 (1998)
28	4-5	McGirt, 140 S. Ct. at 2462
28	7-9	INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 949-51 (1983)
28	19-20	McGirt, 140 S. Ct. at 2474
28	21-22	Estate of Cowart v. Nicklos Drilling Co., 505 U.S. 469, 484 (1992)
28	23	Id.